THE VERB. 
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3. All verbs the stem of which ends in a vowel add s, a being changed 
to o. These alone use the full imperative stem. Examples*: coces, to do, 
cos, do; Itaces, to see, Itos, look ; pieces, to open, phes, open it; thruces, to 
wash, thrus, wash it. 
Note.— Zaces , to eat, does not add s, thus zo , eat, is used. 
Negation: All simple forms have ma placed before the pure present 
stem. Thus o is rechanged to a, also s is dropped again. Examples : ma 
zer, do not say; ma tang, do not give ; ma Ita , do not look; ma thru , do 
not wash; ma za, do not eat. 
B. Compound tenses. —1. tong, give, is joined to the perfect stem 
of the verb ( i.e., s is added to the present stem of the verb, in all those 
cases when it can be done ; a is not changed to o). Examples : stances, 
to show, stantong, show; tangoes, to give, tangstong, give; chomces, to 
jump, chomstong, jump. 
Negation : see Simple forms. 
2. cig is joined to the full imperative stem, ( i.e ,, a is always changed 
to o, s is always added and associates with the c of cig to form shig ; see 
Laws of sound, 1). Examples: stances , to show, stonshig, show; tangoes , 
to give, tongshig, give; Itaces , to see, Itoshig, look, or with the first per¬ 
son ngala yodshig, I wish I had it; nga shishig, I wish I should die. 
This form is used: 
(a) for addressing several persons, a plural form of imperative ; 
(b) it softens an order to a wish, if applied to a single respected per¬ 
son ; thus zigshig, 1 be pleased * to see. 
Negation: ma is placed before the perfect stem {i.e., o is rechanged to 
a, s is not dropped). Examples : ma tangshig, do not give; ma stanshig , 
do not show. 
3. ang , also, is joined to the imperative stem, as it occurs in the 
.simple forms. Examples : zer ang, say ; tong ang, give ; Itosang , look ; 
phesang, open; zosang, eat. It is remarkable that zosang has the s 
again. 
Negation : ma is placed before the present stem with ang. Examples : 
matangang, do not give ; malta ang, do not look ; ma zaang, do not eat. 
4. rgos, must, and chog, may, are joined to the present stem. Exam¬ 
ples : chargos, go, you must go ; tangcbog, give, please. 
Negation : mi is placed between verb and auxiliary, thus cha mi rgos, 
do not go; tang mi chog, do not give, must not give. 
Note 1.—Interjections, used with the imperative. The oh ! of the imperative 
Is expressed either by ai (pronounced like the English i), or by wa { ai is always 
