34 
LADAKHI GRAMMAR. 
placed after the verb, wa is placed before it as well as after it. Whilst ai denotes a 
friendly request, wa emphasizes a strict command. Examples : iru yong ai, come 
here, will you P wa, iru yong, come here immediately ; nyid rdemo log ai, sleep 
well i song wa, go away. 
Note 2.—If the forms of the imperative be arranged according to their respec¬ 
tive force, the following order might be formed : (1) simple form and ai : zer ai, do 
say it; (2) shig : zer shig , be pleased to say ; (3) simple form : zer, say it: (4) tong : 
zer tong, well, say it: (5) ang and wa : zerang wa, will you say it immediately ? 
Reduplication ( Reiteration ) of the verb. 
If in the present, perfect, future and imperative tenses the stem of the 
verb be reiterated, the reiteration serves to emphasize the verbal idea, and 
by da and ni, a following ‘ but ’ is intimated : 
1. Present tense : In the affirmative ni, ning, or da is placed between 
the reiterated stem. Examples : zer ni zerdug, well, he says,'he really says, 
but, etc.; tang da tang dug, well, he gives, he really gives, but, etc. 
2. Preterite: da is generally inserted between the present and perfect 
stems. Examples : khyer da khyers, it is really taken away, but; song da 
song , he is really gone, but (here the perfect stem is used in both cases) ; 
zer da zers , he really said, but, etc. 
Negation: ma or da tna is placed between the two stems. Examples : 
p khyer ma khyers, he really did not take it away; zer da ma zers, true f 
he did not say it, 
3. Future tense : da or ni, ning is inserted between the reiterated pre¬ 
sent stem. Examples : zer ning zerin, well, I shall say ; tang da tangin , 
well, I shall give it, but, etc. 
Negation: mi or da mi is inserted. Examples : zer mi zerrin, I shall 
really not say it; tang da mi tangin, I shall never give it. 
4. Imperative : da is inserted between present and imperative stems. 
Examples : tang da tong, give it ; za da zo, eat it; yong da yong, come 
here; song da song, or, sometimes, cha da song, go away. 
Negation : ma or da ma is placed between the reiterated present stem. 
Examples: tang ma tang, do not give; cha ma cha, do not go ; gjong ma 
yong, do not come. 
5. Durative: For expressing the conjunctions ‘ while, whilst/ the 
verb is reiterated. See also Gerund in in. Examples : guco tangin tang¬ 
in dugsong, they remained here, making noise (all the time) ; nga gor 
gorla iru dug, stay here, whilst I stop away; kharzongngi yachula 
Italta chubii Idamchu yang bud, whilst looking at the glacier-water of 
