THE VERB. 
85 
the Khardong pass, the pond-water even of Chubi (a village) is lost (a 
proverb). 
6. The present stem of the verb is generally reiterated before thsugpa , 
until, wait until. Examples : nga cha cha thsugpa shring , wait, until I 
go; yulla hleb hleb thsagpa zaces ma thob , we received no food, until we 
arrived in the village. 
The Causative. 
The Ladakhi makes use of two causatives, the ancient causative and 
the modern causative. 
The ancient causative places s before the stem of the verb ; instead of 
s sometimes r is used ; before l, h is placed: e.g., nydices , to lie down, 
snyalces , to make lie down, put to bed. 
The modern causative uses the auxiliary chugces , to put in (this is 
the causative form of zhugces [instead of jugces ] to go in, enter). This 
clmgces is placed after the present stem of the verb and the construction is 
the same as with compound verbs. 
Types of the ancient causative : 
I. Type 
g=sg 
(Ladakhi orthography sk). 
II. Type 
r-Si 
II 
(according to Conrady’s demonstration sg 
becomes kh ), 
III. Type 
hh—sk 
(ought to be skh, but this is an impossible 
combination in Tibetan). 
IV. Type 
kh=k 
(probably developed out of the preceding 
type, s having been dropped). 
I. Type: g=sg (sk, sp, etc). 
gangces, to be full. 
barces , to burn. 
gulces , to be moving, shaking. 
dreces, to be mixed. 
jarces , to adhere, stick to. 
ny dices, to lie down. 
drulces , to go. 
langsces, to rise. 
sgangces, to fill ( skang ). 
sbarces , to light ( spar ). 
rgulces , to shake. 
shreces, to mix (see Laws of sound, 2). 
zharces, to fasten, affix 
(parallel to Laws of sound, 7) 
sjarcesj becomes zharces , 
snyalces, to put to bed. 
shrulces , to make go, exercise a horse, 
child, etc. (Laws of sound, 
2 ). 
hlangces, to make rise, raise. 
