THE ADVERB. 
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Inces must be used for the copula, if the predicate is a substantive and 
the subject a living being. Example : mi de ladagspa zhig in, that man is 
a Ladakhi. 
dugces is mostly used for ‘ be * whenever it means something like ‘ to 
live/ * to dwell/ Example : mi de khangpai nangna dug, that man is in 
the house; but yod is sometimes used in the same sense. 
If the predicate is an adjective, yod is preferred (but not exclusively) 
in the affirmative, dug in the negative. Example: ri thonpo yod , the hill 
is high; ri thonpo mi dug, the hill is not high. 
THE ADVERB. 
I.—Primitive Adverbs ,—For expressing the * not * of the negation, mi 
and ma are used. Summary of the use of mi and ma 
ma is used:- 
(1) with all forms of the preterite, thus : ma jung, it did not happen; 
ma cospin, I did not do it; 
(2) before the imperative, thus : ma tang, do not give; 
(3) before the na of the conditional. Example: khyorangngis las di 
ma thsarna, if you do not finish the work ; 
(4) it is generally used before the gerunds in te and pasang, as the 
facts narrated in these sentences are generally considered to have 
happened before the concluding sentence; 
(5) before the supine in a, if it is used in a gerundial sense. Example: 
cang ma zerra bingste song, he went out without saying anything. 
mi is used 
(lj in all forms of the future, thus ngas las di mi coin, I shall not do 
this work; 
(2) . with all forms of the present, thus : kho yongnga mi dug, he 
does not come; 
(3) with the gerund in in, thus : mi tangin, not giving; 
(4) before the infinitive (of present and future), thus: las de diring 
mi thsarcesla mangpo gors, in order not to finish the work to-day, they 
loitered much. 
There are many adverbs which are always used with certain verbs 
and form idiomatic phrases with them. 
Examples ; 
shrabba shribbe thongces l to see only a mist. 
throb rtsigces , to pile up all (bricks, wood, etc.). 
