40 
LAIAKHI GRAMMAR. 
lib cagces, 
lib yongces , 
lib cJiongshes ( Icebces ), 
mog shreces, 
mog kholces, 
rug (rob) duces , 
chab yongces, 
to break everything, 
to come suddenly, 
to jump suddenly (on a horse), 
to mix altogether, 
to whirl about (many birds, men), 
to sweep everything (clean away), 
to come at once. 
shrarara shrarsong (cliaces ), to go straight on, without delay. 
jababa bab chaces , to walk softly, lingering. 
skoag kogces, to snatch away. 
doag nences , to fetch quickly, to pick up (leam 
quickly). 
II.— Derived Adverbs. —Those derived from an adjective do not differ 
from the original adjective, thus : rgyalla , good, well; g yog spa, quick, 
quickly. 
Often the adverb is transcribed by lugs, way, manner, or similar words. 
Example : de yamtsanni lugsla jung, it happened in a funny way. 
Adverbs are derived from verbs by putting them in the gerund. Ex¬ 
amples : gorte , slowly, from gorces, to loiter; drulte, on foot, from drulces, 
to walk ; zhonte, on horseback, from zhonces , to ride. 
Adverbs of place are derived from substantives or pronouns, by adding 
some local postposition. Many of them are not different from the corre¬ 
sponding postposition ; even iru, here, can be used as a postposition with the 
genitive, thus : ngai iru yong, come here to me. A few of the most com¬ 
monly used are : thurla, downwards ; gyenla , upwards j deru, there; denas, 
then, from there. 
THE POSTPOSITION. 
What Jaschke calls simple postpositions have already been described 
as case endings. Dang, with, by means of, might be added. 
Compound Postpositions : 
I.—Governing the genitive : 
nangna , within, inside. 
nangla, into. 
nangnas, out of, 
rgonas , through. 
khanas, through, by. 
stingla, after (time). 
stingnas, after, behind (time, 
place). 
ka, kh athogla, on, upon, above. 
khanas 1 <. n 
> from above. 
khathognas I 
zhesla, after (time, place). 
