THE CONJUNCTION. 
41 
pharkhala, beyond, on the other 
side. 
yognas, from beneath. 
gyenla , upwards, uphill. 
gyennas, from above. 
angola , thither, 
ingola, hither. 
chogsla, in the direction of. 
barla, between. 
tsa , near, before, towards. 
dunla, before. 
skundunla , before (a respected 
person). 
dunnas, from before. 
Note : In Lower Ladakhi many of 
gyabla , behind. 
gyabnas , from behind. 
nganla ^ 
ngunla before. 
yogla, under, underneath, below. 
thsurkhala,' on this side. 
Itagpala , above. 
thurla, downwards, down hill. 
thurnas, from below. 
phila , for. 
chogsnas, from the direction of. 
thsabla, instead of. 
phugsla or bugsla, within, at the 
far end of (a room, valley), 
these are governing the accusative. 
—Governing the accusative : 
thsugpa 
thsagpa J Un ^‘ 
dang nyampo , with. 
gy« d te 1 tlll . ough . 
zhugste I 
thsogse 
thsogsla j^ e * 
dang nyemo , near. 
nangltar , like, according to. 
III.—Governing the ablative: 
pharla, since. | angola , thither, since. 
THE INTERJECTION. 
The use of wa and ai with the imperative has been described under 
Imperative. The following are some of the more commonly used in¬ 
terjections : wa kun (gun) or wakunne, oh, you all; la, oh, is said instead 
of wa in Lower Ladakh j ale , isn’t it so P ongle or oale or khas, khassale , 
well, yes. 
THE CONJUNCTION. 
T.— Coordinate conjunctions. —The common word for £ and 1 is dang. It 
is, however, not often used for connecting whole sentences, but several 
subjects, objects, etc., in the same sentence (contracte dsentence). Ex¬ 
ample : ser dang mul dang Icags de thsangma deru yod , there are gold, 
and silver, and iron, these all. 
