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LADAKHI GRAMMAR. 
( c ) zana or zanas is added to the stem of the verb. Example : las de 
cozana hho hleb, he arrived, when I did the work. 
(cZ) The verb is put in the gerund in te ( ste ). Example ; ngas las de 
coste, hho hleb, he arrived, whilst I did the work (near the end 
of it). 
(e) nam, when, is placed before the verb of the subordinate 
sentence, and na concludes it. E xample : ngazha deru nam 
hlebna, hho yang hlebin, when we shall arrive there, he will also 
arrive. 
(/) The verb takes the classical supine in a, and dang is added. 
Example : deru shyodda dang, whilst going there. 
( g ) hyia (corrupted from hyimala') is added to the verbs. 
Examples: nyima sharhyia hho song , when the sun was about 
to rise, he went off; hhyonghyia , when he brought it. 
7. To express the word ‘ since/ pharla is placed after the ablative 
of the infinitive (ending in ces or pa). Example: hhyorangla nad 
phogpanas pharla hhyorang ma thongs , I did not see you, since you were 
ill. 
8. To express ‘ until J or ‘ till/ thsugpa ( thsagpa) is placed after 
the reduplicated stem of the verb. Example : hhyorang ngazhai tsa yong 
yong thsugpa ngazha iru dugs, we sat here, until you came to us. 
9. To express the conjunction ‘ before/ nganla or ngunla are used. 
Before one or the other of these words the comparative particle sang 
is placed. Example: ngazha chaces sang nganla hho hleb, he came, 
before we went. 
Or the verb takes the classical infinitive in ba, a, and the negation 
ma. Example: ngazha ma chavai nganla hho hleb, he arrived, before we 
went* 
10. To express ‘as often—so often/ the verb of the subordinate 
sentence might be included in nam—naang (nayang ). Example: nam 
yongnaang, hhyorangngis nga thongin, whenever (as often as) you come, 
(so often) you will see me. 
11. To express the conjauctions ‘ because, for the reason, in order 
to, that/ either phila with the genitive of the infinitive, or la added to 
the infinitive, or pasang added to the perfect stem are used. Examples: 
ngalte yodcessiphila pholong zhiggi hliala dugspin, or ngalte yodpasang 
pholong zhiggi hhala dugspin, because I was tired, I sat down on a stone; 
