58 
V. A. Smith —On the Civilization of Ancient India. [No. 1, 
his views at length, and content myself with the observation that in my 
opinion he has been misled by his fail are to perceive the Roman charac¬ 
teristics of the greater part of the Gandhara sculptures. He refers, 
certainly, to Fergusson’s brief remarks on this topic, but dismisses them 
as being of little weight. To my mind, on the other hand, the strong 
Roman influence on the Gandhara school seems to be an obvious, palpa¬ 
ble fact that cannot be ignored.* 
Mr. Senart seeks in Parthia, not in Rome, for the special variety of 
Hellenistic art which supplied the model to the Gandhara sculptures. 
“ Au commencement du I er Siecle avant J. C., le retour offensif d* 
influences occidentales representees par le philhellenisme des Arsacides, 
et maintenues par la creation de la dynastie partbe particuliere a cette 
region expliquerait V etablissement d’ une sorte d’ ecole penetree des 
traditions classiques; a la fin du I er siecle apres J. C., T etablissement 
de la puissante dynastie de Kanishka, tributarie au point de vue de la 
civilization de ses voisins de T Iran, marque le moment ou, sur la base 
la plus large qu ’eut jamais conquise dans T Inde une race etrangere, 
cette ecole greco-parthe a pu le mieux propager son influence dans 
T interieur du pays ” (jpage 48). 
I cannot discover in the Gandhara sculptures any distinct trace 
of Parthian influence, though the Persepolitan form of capital which is 
seen in some of the earlier works is, of course, a proof that the artists 
of the Gandhara school were naturally not ignorant of the art of 
Persia. 
PART II. 
Professor Weber opens his interesting essay by the intimation that 
it is designed to give a cursory view of what is known, partly from 
certain data, and partly from more or less plausible conjectures, con¬ 
cerning the position and influence of the Greeks in India. 
The Greeks are called by Indian authors ‘ Yavana,’ that is to say 
lonians. This word seems to have been introduced through Persia, and 
has been successively applied to the Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Parthians, 
Persians, Arabs (or Muhammadans), and, finally, to Europeans. 
[The use of the word is in fact analogous to the modern use of 
wilayat , which includes Europe as well as Afghanistan, and other 
countries on the North-West frontier. V. A. S .] 
The oldest mention of the term ‘yavana’ is found in the grammar 
of Pan mi (4, 1,49), who is now generally supposed to have flourished 
* Mr. Ed. Drouin informs me that both he and Mr. Silvain Levi agree with me 
in the opinion that “the Roman element had a real influence on the sculptures of 
the northern schools.” 
