1892.] V. A. Smith— On the Civilization of Ancient India. 
61 
Other Greek names also may be recognized in the Hindu epics. 
Tod long ago identified the Yavana king Dattamitra, who is des¬ 
cribed in the Mahabharata as taking a direct part in the struggle, with 
the Bactrian king Demetrius ( jior. circa 180-165 B. C.), and this identi¬ 
fication was accepted by Lassen. The city Demetrias built by him 
appears in the Ramayana under the further corrupted form Danda- 
mitra, and in a votive formula of Buddhist tendency as Dattamitiyaka 
Yonaka. The name of Bhagadatta, the king of the Yavanas who ruled 
over Maru, or Marwar, and Naraka in the West and is specially mentioned 
(M. Bhar. 2, 578, 579) as an old friend of the father of Yudhishthira, 
has been regarded by A. v. Gutschmid as a translation of the name of 
the Bactrian king Apollodotus ( flor . circa B. C. 160), and this supposi¬ 
tion appears to me a happy one, 
The name of the Kashmir prince Jalauka, mentioned in the Maha¬ 
bharata, may be identified, though not without reserve, as a corruption 
of Seleucus. 
Finally, the name of Menander is certainly represented by that of 
Milinda, king of Sagala (£ayyaA.a), who plays an important part in the 
tradition of southern Buddhism, and was remembered even down to 
Puranic times. The ‘ Milindapanha ’ will be referred to again on a 
later page. 
The allusions to the Yavanas in Paniiii and the Mahabhashya should 
be here considered. The teaching of Panini concerning the formation 
of the word ‘ Yavanani ’ to signify the writing (lipi) of the Yavanas 
has already been referred to. But it seems as if a direct use of the 
Yavana characters by Panini may be detected. 
According to Goldstticker ( Panini , page 53) he uses the second 
letter of the Indian alphabet as a sign for the numeral two, and Burnell 
{Elements S. I. Palceogr ., page 96, and Aindra Grammarians , page 77) 
supposes that he was in this passage influenced by the similar use of 
the letters of the Greek alphabet as numerals. 
The characteristic remark in the Calcutta scholium on the passage 
in 3, 2, 120 say ana bhuhjate Yavandh, ‘ the Yavanas eat reclining,’ is of 
interest. This remark is not found in the Mahabhashya (see Ind. Stud, 
13, 381), and it clearly rests on an older observation, or rather, tradi¬ 
tion. 
Two examples given in the Mahabhashya on Panini 3, 2, 111, are of 
the highest interest, namely, Yavano ’runan MadhyamiJcdn, 1 the Yavana 
prince oppressed the Madhyamikas ’ ; and Yavano ’ runat Saketam , ‘the 
Yavana prince oppressed Saketa.’ These examples are given as illustra¬ 
tions of the use of the imperfect tense to signify an event which hap¬ 
pened a short time previously, and therefore show that the oppression 
