62 
V. A, Smith— On the Civilization of Ancient India. [No. 1, 
of the Madhyamika people and of the city of Saketa must have occurred 
shortly before the composition of the examples. Unfortunately the 
geographical position neither of the people or city is ascertained with 
precision, but Saketa, the Greek Say^Sa is probably the modern Ajodhya 
or Oudh. [Fergusson, however, thought that its site should more pro¬ 
bably be sought at Lucknow. It certainly was situated in the province 
of Oudh. Dr. Fiihrer ( Monumental Antiquities and Inscriptions, N.-W. 
P. and Oudh, p. 275) is satisfied that Sanchankot, or Sujankot in the 
Unao District, on the Sai river, 34 miles north-west of Unao, represents 
the ancient Saketam, the Sha-chi of Fa-Hian. According to him Ajo¬ 
dhya is the Visakha of Hiuen-Tsiang, but not the Sha-chi of Fa Hian. 
V. A. 8.] The passage in the Mahabliashya indicates an extension of 
Greek dominion in the interior of India, which could not be suspected 
from perusal of the Greek writers. The reality of this extension is 
further supported by the chapter of the Garga-Samhita named Yuga- 
purana, which mentions, not only the occupation of Saketa by the 
Yavanas, but their further advance to Kusumadhvaja or Pushpapura, 
that is to say Pataliputra (UaXifioOpa). But it is possible that we 
should rather suppose the text to refer to the advance of the Indo- 
Scjdhians, to whom the name of Yavanas was transferred. 
The Garga family, which, notably enough (with the exception of a 
single passage in the Kathaka), is mentioned first in the latest sections 
of the Bralimanas and Sutras, but comes specially to the front in the 
Mahabhashya (see Ind. Stud. 13, 410, seqq.), is repeatedly placed by 
legend in close connection with the Yavanas. Specially, a verse, which 
honours the Yavanas as teachers of astronomy, is ascribed to Garga. 
In order to dispose of all the legendary-historical information con¬ 
cerning the Yavana princes of ancient times which can be extracted 
from the Mahabharata, etc., it must here be noted that the Kala- 
Yavana or 4 Black Yavana ’ is brought into special relation with Krishna 
and Garga. The name Black Yavana appears intended to distinguish 
the bearer of it from other kinds of Yavanas. 
We must further observe that the Yavana king Kasernmant is 
shown as occupying a hostile, or more exactly, a subordinate position. 
I have already expressed an opinion (Ind. S/cizzen , pp. 88, 91 ; and. Akad. 
Vorl. in. L. G. 205) that the name of this Kaserumant is a reminiscence 
of the Roman Caesar, and Mr. Leon Feer has since shown ( Comptes Bendus 
de VAcad. des Inscr., 1871, pp. 47, 56, 60), that the expression Kesan 
ndma saw gram ah, 4 Caesarean or Roman order of battle/ occurs in the 
Buddhist Avadana-sataka. If these passages belong to the period of the 
great deposits of Roman coins in India they supply a certain legendary 
back ground for them. 
