1892 ] V. A. Smith —On the Civilization of Ancient India. 
69 
names. The name Pulisa must be understood as equivalent to Paulus 
Alexandrinus. 
I have already mentioned ( ante , p. -gVV) that the extant Surya 
Siddhanta represents Asura Maya of Romakapura as the first founder 
of astronomy, and that I regard him as being the Greek astronomer 
Ptolemy. I have also identified Manetlio, the author of the Apotoles- 
mata, [not earlier than the 5th century A. D., according to Smith’s 
Classical Dictionary. V. A. $.], with Manittha, or Manindba. Others 
regard the name of the Yavana teacher ( Yavanesvara ) Asphuvi[d]- 
dhvaja (Sphujidhvaja) as a corruption of a Greek name Aphroisios or 
Speusippus. 
Whilst the oldest Indian astronomy, resting probably on a Baby¬ 
lonian basis, occupies itself witli the moon and its mansions ( nakshatra ) ; 
the succeeding phase, under Greek influence, concerns itself chiefly with 
the planets and the sun, that is to say, the zodiac. 
The direct consequence of this is the conversion of the Krittika 
series of the nahshatras, hitherto current, and corresponding to a Taurus 
zodiac, into the Asvini series, corresponding to the Aries zodiac. More¬ 
over, not only have the names of the planets and zodiacal signs passed 
by direct transcription into Sanskrit, and remained to some extent in 
use till the latest times (eg. dr a — ’A prjs, and heli — rjXios), but numerous 
technical terms also have been incorporated into the language. Some 
of these have been worked into the poetic vocabulary, for example, 
jdmitra (— Sia/xerpov) occurs in Kalidasa’s Kumarasambhava. [The 
correct form is Sia/xerpos, not Sia/xerpov V. A. $.] 
According to H. Jacobi, the allusions to ancient astrological notions, 
such as occur in Kalidasa, are chiefly based on the works of Firmicus 
Maternus (A. D. 336-354). [The work of Firmicus Maternus is known 
under the title, ‘ Matheseos Libri VIII,’ and is described as being a 
formal introduction to judicial astrology. V. A. $.]. 
With regard to arithmetic and algebra, in which the Indians are 
well-known to have accomplished much, Colebrooke (Misc. Essays, 2, 
401, 446) was inclined to accept the fact of Greek influence, especially 
that of Diophantus. 
On the contrary, Dr. Hoernle, in the preface to his excellent dis¬ 
sertation on an ancient arithmetical text, composed in the Gatha dialect, 
and seemingly of Buddhist origin, decides for “ the entirely native 
origin ” of Indian arithmetic. The text in question is supposed to date 
from the third or fourth century A. D , but the extant manuscript does 
not seem to be older than the eighth or tenth century. [Compare 
Major Temple’s exposition of Burmese arithmetic in Indian Antiquary, 
Vol. XX (1891), p. 53. The Burmese system is said to be much the 
