148 
L. A. Waddell —Buddhist Pictorial Wheel of Life. [No. 3, 
The Beasts. 
old age and disease and accidents are amongst the chief miseries refer¬ 
red to. The lamas categorically divide the miseries of human existence 
into 8 sections, viz. : —The miseries of (l) birth ; (2) old age ; (3) sick¬ 
ness ; (4) death ; (5) ungratified wishes and struggle for existence ; ( 6 ) 
misfortunes and punishments for law-breaking; (7) separation from 
relatives and cherished objects; (8) offensive objects and sensations. 
IV. The Beasts. The atmosphere of this region is darker, but 
it has hills and trees and also some men as hun¬ 
ters and cattle owners; as it is merely a differ¬ 
ent phase of the human world. This is a state of greater misery than 
the human. 
This is the world of re-birth for the ignorant, irreligious, and mu- 
steg-pa (viz., Brahmanical and other heretics) abusive disputators and 
savages (Ha-Mo). 
The inhabitants of this world are divided into (1) the ‘free’ (kha- 
/ithor) or land and air animals, and ( 2 ) the imprisoned (hying) aquatic 
animals.* 
The picture shows animals of various kinds devouring one an¬ 
other, the larger preying on the small; and also small ones combining to 
hunt and kill the larger ones. Human hunters also are setting nets for, 
and others are shooting game. Domestic animals are shown laden with 
burdens or ploughing and being goaded, some are being milked and 
shorn of their wool, others are being branded or castrated or having 
their nostrils bored, others killed for their flesh or skin, &c. All are 
suffering great misery through anxiety and pain of preying or being 
preyed upon. 
In the water is shown a merman— Naga's house, with its inmates in 
grief at being preyed upon by the Garuda a monster bird like the fabled 
roc which by the rush of air of its wings cleaves the sea to its depths 
in search for Nagas. 
V. The Tantalized Ghosts or YIDAGS. The atmosphere of this 
region is of a dark smoky colour. This is 
the special world of those who in their earth¬ 
ly career were miserly covetous, uncharitable or gluttonous. It is a 
kind of outer hell. Its inhabitants are in constant distress through the 
pangs of hunger and thirst. Jewels, food and drink are found in 
plenty, but the Yidags are given microscopic mouths and gullets no 
thicker in diameter than a hair through which they can never ingest a 
satisfying amount of food for their huge bodies. And when any food 
The Yidags. 
# Ruskin says “ a fish is much freer than a man ”—but the Lamas think other¬ 
wise. 
