1892.] L. A. Waddell— Buddhist Pictorial Wheel of Life. 
119 
is taken it becomes burning’ bot and changes in the stomach into sharp 
knives, saws, and other weapons which lacerate their way out from the 
bowels to the surface making large painful wounds. Their constant 
thirst is expressed by a flame which is seen to issue from their mouth 
and whenever they attempt to touch water it changes to liquid fire; 
frequently Avalokita is figured in the act of giving water to these 
Yidags to relieve their misery. And their tiny legs are unable to sup¬ 
port comfortably their large bodies. Four kinds of Yidags are specified, 
viz., —(1) 'phyiyi sgrib-pa chan or ‘ the foreign or gentile polluted beings.’ 
(2) Nang-gi sgrib-pa chan or the lamaic polluted beings, (3) Zas-skom- 
gyi sgrib-pa chan or the eating and drinking polluted beings—these are 
they who on eating and drinking have the ingested material converted 
into lacerating weapons, and (5) kha-thor or free Yidags.’ These are 
not confined in the Yidag prison but are free to roam about in the 
human world where they endeavour to injure man. 
VI. The Hells or NYAL-KHAM* (Skt. Ndraka). The atrnos- 
„ ,, phere of the hells is represented of the deepest 
The Hells. 5. . 1 1 
black : 
“ Light was absent all. Bellowing there groan’d 
A noise, as of a sea in tempest torn 
By warring winds, the stormy blast of hell.” 
Dante Canto V. 29. 
The lamaic hell is a true Inferno situated in the bowels of the earth 
like Hades. Only eight hells are mentioned in the older Buddhist 
works ; but the lamas describe and figure eight hot and eight cold hells 
and give two extra hells, named respectively nyal-tshe-waf which in¬ 
cludes the state of being flies and insects in the human world, and nye- 
khor-wa an outer Hades through which all those escaping from hell 
must pass without a guide. 
The Nye-khorJ is at the exit from, and outside Hell, preperly so 
called. It is divided into five sections. The 
U er 6 S * first bordering hell consists of hot suffocating 
ashes with foul, dead bodies and all kinds of offal. Then is reached a 
vast quagmire, beyond which is a forest of spears and spikes. Then 
a great deep ocean of freezing water; on the further shore of which the 
ground is thickly set with short squat tree trunks each surmounted by 
three sharp spikes which impale the unwary groping fugitives. Befer- 
* I 
t - ‘ near to life.’ 
^ -v 
I 30 ‘ near to cycle’ ( i. e., re-birth). 
T 
