156 
H. Gr. Raverfy— The Mihran of Sind and its Tributaries. [No. 3, 
more than two thousand years ago. 2 I am not going to attempt, in the 
present paper, to improve upon these interesting researches, although I 
cannot help, farther on, pointing out two or three palpable errors. 
What I propose to do here is to notice some of the numerous fluctua¬ 
tions in the courses of the Sindhu, Ab-i-Sind, or Indus, 3 and of the 
rivers of the Panj-ab. The changes in the courses of two of these rivers, 
together with the drying up of the Hakra, Wahindah, or Bahindah 
were so considerable that they reduced a vast extent of once fruitful 
country to a howling wilderness, and thus several flourishing cities and 
towns became ruined or deserted by their inhabitants. 
At page 1150 of my “ Translation of the Tabakat-i-Nasiri,” there 
is an account of the despatch of armies into different parts on the acces¬ 
sion of Kyuk Khan as ruler over the Mughal empire founded by his 
grandfather, the Chingiz, or Great Klian. 
One of these armies was detailed for the invasion of Hindustan ; 
and the Nu-in or Nii-yan (both modes of writing this title being correct), 
Mangutah, who was at the head of the Mughal mings or hazarahs occupy¬ 
ing, or located in, the territories of Tukharistan, Khatl-an. 4 and Ghaz- 
nih, 5 6 was appointed leader of the forces in question. He was an aged 
man, and had been one of the Chingiz Khan’s favourite officers. 
In the year 643 H., which commenced on the 28tli May, 1245 A. D., 
he invaded the Dihli Kingdom by way of the Koh-i-Jud, Namak-Sar, 
or Salt Range, and the Sind-Sagar Do-abah, keeping along its western 
frontier, and entering the province dependent on Multan. His object 
was first to assail the frontier strongholds of Multan and U'chchah or 
TTchchh, both then situated in one and the same Do abah, the Sind-Sa- 
gar above mentioned. He began with 1/chohh, which, at the period in 
2 See note farther on. 
3 I need scarcely mention that the name Indus was, and is unknown to Oriental 
geographers and historians. It was Europeanized, if I may say so, by the Greeks out 
of Sindhu, or they may have called it the Indus as being the river separating Hind 
from I-ran-Zamin, their “ Ariana,” and not intending it to be understood that 
Indus was the proper name of the river ; for it was known to the Hindus as ‘ Sin¬ 
dhu’ or ‘ the River,’ and ‘ Ab-i-Sind’ by the early Muhammadan writers, and some¬ 
times ‘ Nahr-i-Mihran. 
4 Incorrectly styled “ Khotlan” in the “essay” by Yule, in Wood’s “ Oxus ” 
and other books of travels : the first vowel is short ‘ a.’ This district or territory 
was famous for its horses, which, from the country, w^ere known as Khatli horses. 
6 The name of this famous city is thus written by the oldest authors, nih being 
the Tajzik for city. The other forms of the word are merely vitiated forms of the 
above. “ Ghazna,” as some European authors write it, is totally wrong. The other 
forms of the word are Ghaz-nm, and Ghaz-ni, but the first is the correct one. 
