198 II. G. Raverty —The Mihrdn of Sind and its Tributaries. [No. 3, 
the cities of [*'■$♦> and the first-named of which he called [sic] 
>» 
Al-Mansuriyah, and the latter, Al-Ma’muriyah. This word ty-s+J appears 
in three places with this additional letter at the end, but, in another 
of the Bam IsraTI, whose name was Hadassah (Esther). lie greatly favoured the Bani 
Isra’il, and released them from captivity. By his Isra’ili wife he had a son Kyrnsh 
( cAy 5 ) by name, who succeeded his father as ruler of ’Irak and Babal. 
This ’Alim or Sage, Akhtunush, which name is also written AMiturnush—in 
Hebrew, Aklisliuirus—who was made ruler over those territories, is the Ahasuerus 
of Holy Writ, and Artaxerxes of the Greeks. 
We also know from At-Tabari, as well as from many others, that Nushirwan, 
the Just, held extensive tracts of territory in the direction of Sind, if not in Sind 
itself. As to the influence of the sovereigns of f-ran-Zamin in that direction, Al- 
Mas’udi states, that Kai-Ka-us founded a city in Kash-mir, and that his son, Siawakhs 
[ jj/aAjLa*—S iawash ?], during his father’s lifetime, founded a city in Sind, called 
Mihr-jdn. Al-Mas’udi also states, that the kings of Sind and Hind, and of all the 
countries to the north and south, sent ambassadors to Nushirwan with rich presents, 
and to enter into terms of peace with him, because of the greatness of his power, 
the strength of his armies, the extent of his dominions, his rapid conquests, and the 
vengeance he had exercised upon so many kings and rulers, and also because of the 
justice of his rule. 
In another place, the author of the Muj-mal-ut-Tawarikh, in his account of 
“ Kafand.” a Hindu king contemporary with Alexander, the Macedonian, says : “ It is 
stated that he, Kafand, sent a Brahman to Samid, his brother, directing him “ to go 
to Mansuriyah, expel the T-ranis from the places which Bahman had conquered, and 
erect idol temples in the place of fire temples.” The author, of course, does not 
mean that this city was then called Mansuriyah, but Bahman-abad which they 
called Mansuriyah when he wrote. 
Strabo, in his Fourteenth Book, referring to the account of India given by 
Eratosthenes, which he considers to be the most credible account of that country, says 
that at the time of the Greek invasion, the Indus was the boundary of India and of 
Ariana, and in the possession of the Persians, and that, afterwards, the Indians 
occupied a larger portion of Ariana, which they received from the Macedonians. 
There is no doubt whatever, that the rulers of T-ran-Zamin, from time to time, 
held a considerable portion of the valley of the Indus, and that, up to the end of the 
reign of Nushirwan, the rulers of the western most parts of Hind, including the 
ancient Turk rulers of Kabul of the Budhist faith, were tributary to him. Sub¬ 
sequently, when the T-rani empire began to decay, some of these rulers began to 
regain their independence, and thus we find one dynasty of them, Hindus, under the 
title of “ the Ran-Thel,” in possession of Sind and Mukran in one direction, and 
Kabul in the other, and opposing the ’Arab forces in their advance eastwards. See 
my “ Notes on Afghanistan.” page 567. 
The Gardaizi relates how Bahram-i-Gor, the I'-rani sovereign, came into Hind in 
disguise, and that Shermah its ruler, thinking he was merely a person of a noble 
I'-rani family, gave him his daughter in marriage, and conferred upon him, as her 
dower, Sind and Mukran. 
