304 H. G. Raverty —The Mihrdn of Sind and its Tributaries. [Ex. No. 
terminates near the old garli or fort of Shah Garb, north-west of 
Muzaffar Garli. Another is the Panjihar dhand , which can be traced 
from a little west of Kinjhir to near the village of Rohilan-Wali, and 
from thence for about twelve miles farther to the southwards of Khan 
Garb. Hereabouts the land lies so low that water finds its way into 
the middle of this part of the delta, where quite a network of dhands 
exist, which for the most part tail on to this one. 
Without being aware, apparently, of these facts, it is in the tract 
I have been thus describing, that the “ archeological experts ” venture 
to identify places as “ the Alexandria built at the confluence of the 
Acesines [Chin-ab] with the Indus,” after the lapse of some twenty- 
three centuries, when such mighty changes occur in less than one ! 302 
In the same manner as in the tracts north and west of U'ohohb, 
just described, and between it and Mit-lff da Kot, called by us Mithan 
Kot, below those places again, other ancient channels exist, but not of 
the Ab-i-Sind or Indus only; and it is beyond a doubt, that it and other 
tributaries of the Mikran of Sind, have, at different times, flowed over 
great part of the alluvial plain of Sind between U'chchh and Aror, and 
farther south, but much nearer towards the hills westwards than has 
generally been imagined. sos 
It appears to me that what the old ’Arab writers say respecting the 
“ tributaries, which go to make the Mihran of Sind,” has been over¬ 
looked, or not understood. Al-Mas’udi, for example, says (page 206), 
that, “ it comes from the kohistan or mountain tracts of Sind,” and 
adds, that, “ with its tributaries, which rise in those countries [lying 
303 See farther on where these changes are described. 
303 Vast changes have taken place, and have continued to occur down to the 
present time, in the course of the Sindhu, or Ab-i-Sind, or Indus, above A^ak (see 
my “Notes on Afghanistan,” page 32), as well as below Kala Bagh where it 
issues from the mountain tracts, particularly between the town of the ’Isa Khel 
Niazi Afghans and Mian Walah. (See “ Notes ” page 322, and 343, note If). There 
is, as already mentioned in note 116, page 207, of this paper, a tradition, that in 
ancient times, the country round Laka’f of the Marwat Afghans was a vast lake, 
as the ancient name Dand or Dhand indicates, and was so called long before these 
Afghans gained a footing therein. See also a note farther on. 
Between the town of the ’Isa Khel Ni&zis and the modern Derail of Isma’il 
Khan, the course of the Ab-i-Sind appears likewise to have changed considerably ; 
and the Gumul and its tributary, the river of the Jziobali Darah and its affluents, 
and other streams from the range of Mihtar Suliman, Koli-i-Siyah, Tor Ghar, Kala 
Itoh, or Kala Pahar, between the Gamilah or Gambilah and the Sun River near 
Kashmur, mentioned in note 116, above referred to (which now are for the most 
part dry, or their waters drawn off for irrigation purposes, and which only find their 
way to the Ab-i-Sind in time of flood, if they reach it at all), once contributed 
greatly to the volume of the great river, as I shall presently show. 
