324 H. Gr. Kaverty —The Mihrdn of Sind and its Tributaries. [Ex. No. 
The following description of the Wihat, or Bihat, is from the Survey 
record previously quoted. 
by the Dasht-i-Kibchak, Ming-Kishlak, the Caspian, the Shirwanat, Gurjistan, and 
Kurdistan, to Istambul. From thence he proceeded through Rum, Sham and Misr, 
and from thence to Makkah. Having performed the hajj, he returned by sea to the 
port of Debal , passed through Sind aud Multan to Lahor, and from there returned 
to Balkh. 
Having clearly shown that Debal or Dewal was not Thathah, nor “ Bambura,” 
nor Lahrf Bandar, nor Karachi, and stated that the latter was not founded for cen¬ 
turies after the ’Arab conquest, I will now show, as near as possible, when it was. 
For about one hundred and thirty years after the time Muhammad, son of 
]£asim, subdued Sind in 93 H. (711-12 A. D.), it was held by the Tammimi ’Arabs, 
who acknowledged the ’Abbasi Khalifahs as their sovereigns. In 186 H. (803 A.D.), 
when Harun-ar-Rashid assigned the eastern half of the Khilafat to his son, Mu- 
hammad-al-Mamun, among the territories named is “ the territory on the Ab-i- 
Sind ” or Indus, “ including a part of Hind,” referring, of course, to Sind and its 
dependencies, and Multan. 
In 205 H. (820-21 A. D.), the same in which Tahir-i-Zu-l-Yamanain received 
the investiture of Khuras&n and its dependent territories from the Khalifah, Al- 
Mamun, and to which Sind and Multan also appertained, the Wall of Sind, Da’ud, 
son of Yazid, having died, it was conferred upon Bashar, son of the deceased Da’ud 
(Thomas says the coins of the rulers of Mansuryah bear the words “ Bano Da’ud” 
which he supposed, but erroneously, might refer to the modern Da’ud-putrahs, but 
this family was referred to. It will be noticed that Da’ud is a favourite name among 
the Karamitah of Multan), under the stipulation that he should yearly pay 100,000 
dirams to the Dar-ul-Khilafat. Subsequently, the Khalifahs, losing power, were 
obliged to commit distant provinces into the hands of feudatories more powerful 
than themselves ; and iu 257 H. (871 A. D.), Ya’kiib, son of Lais, the Suffari, among 
other parts, held Sind, the local Wall's being subordinate to him. In 258 H. (872 
A. D.), the Wall of the territory of Sind, Muhammad, son of Sabhun died; and 
in 261 H. (874-75 A. D.), the then Khalifah, Al-Mu’tamid B’illah, gave his brother, 
Abi Ahmad, the title of Muwaffik B’illah, and assigned him the government of 
the whole east, including Sind. In 265 H. (878-79 A. D.), however, the Khalifah, 
in order to divert ’Umaro, son of Lais, who succeeded his brother, Ya’kub, in that 
year, from invading ’Irak, conferred upon him Khurasan, Fars, Kirman, Mukran, 
and Sind, as well as Sigiz-stan, which he previously held. It was about this time 
that the Sumrahs broke out, and acquired some power in Lar or Lower Sind, and, 
no doubt, acknowledged the supremacy of the ’Abbasi Khalifahs and their feuda¬ 
tories. They succeeded in holding power in that part for about one hundred and 
seventy-eight years, which would bring us to 443 H. t1051-52 A. D.). 
Sind, and also Multan, had continued, nominally at least, to acknowledge the 
suzerainty of the Bani ’Abbas and their feudatories for the time being, until the 
time of Sultan Mahmud-i-Sabuk-Tigin, who ousted the officials of the ’Abbasis, and 
annexed it; and the Sumrahs of Lar had to succumb. At this period, the Sumrahs, 
who appear to have embraced Muhammadanism, outwardly at least, had become 
Karamitah, as were the rulers of Multan, and many of their people. This heresy 
seems to have obtained firm root in these parts, which may partly be accounted for 
from their communications by sea with Egypt, ’Arabia, and Persia, where it flourish- 
