328 H. G. Raverty —The MiJirctn of Sind and its Tributaries. [Ex. No. 
flowing between three and four huroh farther southwards, it separates 
into two branches, which again unite lower down under the fort of 
fort was subsequently called, or the name changed into, Tughluk-abad, a Turkish, 
not a Sindf name ; and the author of the Tuhfat-ul-Kiram states, that some of the 
“ present defences and erections in the fort of Tnghluk-abad, better known as 
Kalyan Kot,” were the work of the Nawwab, Murid Khan [a Turk, or Mughal], who 
was the feudatory of the'|Thathali province in 1099 H. (1688 A. D.), the thirty- 
second year of Aurang-zeb-i-’Alam-gir Badshah. This place, miscalled “ Kalan 
Kot ” (or “ Great Fort,” ‘ Ticilan * being the Persian for great) by Mr. A. W. Hughes, 
the compiler of the “ Gazetteer of Sind,” founded by the Thaluir above referred to, he 
“ supposes to have been built about 1421 A. D., during the Sarama dynasty,” in which 
supposition he is mistaken, “ and is supposed to stand on the site of a still more 
ancient stronghold.” Kalyan , is a Sanskrit word, and Kalyan Kot signifies the 
Fort of Prosperity, Happiness, or Well-being. The place is now situated on the 
right bank of the Bhagar channel of the Indus, about three miles south of Thathah, 
where the ruins may still be seen. 
Although the Sammahs rose against the Smnrahs in 734 H. (1333-34 A. D.), 
and they finally fell four years after, still the Sammahs are not accounted among 
independent rulers of Lower Sind until 743 H. (1342-43 A. D .); and the question 
naturally arises why it was so. We have merely to turn to the events of the reign 
of Sultan Muhammad, Tughluk Shah, for a reply. His empire was, for the greater 
part of his reign, in a state of chronic rebellion and disorder ; and as quickly as he 
moved in one direction to put down an outbreak, another broke out in a contrary 
direction. This was the half-mad Sultan who endeavoured to depopulate Dihli, 
and to transfer the seat of government to Diw-gir (vul. “ Deogir”) or Daulat-abad 
in the Dakhan ; who proposed to conquer China, when he could not take care of, 
and hold his own territory ; who would confer distant countries and kingdoms, 
which he did not possess, on liis favourites ; and who endeavoured to substitute a 
paper currency instead of gold and silver. It was at this period, when the Dilhi 
empire was in such a state of hopeless disorder, that the Sammahs became in¬ 
dependent like other petty feudatories in the empire ; but the traitor, Malik Taglii, 
the mamluk of one of his principal Amirs, being harboured by the Sammahs, 
brought Sultan Muhammad, Tughluk Sh&h, against them, to die, in the first month 
of 752 H. (1351 A. D.), in the neighbourhood of Thathah recently founded, and, 
subsequently, caused his successor, Sultan Firuz Shah, to march against it, and to 
carry off their Jam and his son captives to Dihli. 
The first of the independent Jams of Lar or Lower Sind, Unar, son of Disar, 
descended from Jam Junan, son of Lakhah, son of Kahah, who died after ruling 
for a period of three years and a half, was succeeded by his brother, Junan, who 
ruled thirteen years, but some say fourteen. This brings us, for no dates are given, 
to the year 750 H. (1349-50 A. D.). He was succeeded by his nephew, the son of 
Jam Unar, with respect to whose name the greatest confusion and discrepancy exists 
among the native writers generally, but I think I am able to clear up the matter. 
I may mention, however, before doing so, that the Moorish traveller, Muham¬ 
mad, son of Batutah, came into Sind early in 734 H., and that he visited Siw-istan, 
subsequently called Sihwan, Lahri Bandar, Bakhar, and U'chchli, but he never refers 
to the Jams of Lar or Lower Sind, for a good reason, that this was the very year 
in which the Sammahs rose against the Sumrahs. This also may be the reason 
