1892.] H. Gr. Raverty— The Mihrdn of Sind and its Tributaries. 329 
Jihlam. As at this place is the Shah Guzr, or Royal Ferry, the river 
is, at times, called the river of Jihlam, but it does not mean that Jihlam 
why he did not visit Debal, which he does not even mention. Thathah we conld not 
expect him to refer to, as it was only founded some years after. lie left India 
again in 743 H., just before the Sammahs became independent, or about that period. 
It was this Jam who, soon after the Sammahs gained the upper hand in Lar, not 
far from Samu’i, founded a new town as the capital of his territory, which was 
named Thathah ; and therefore, the name he became familiarly known by was, the 
Jam, the Bani-i-Thathah—the Founder of Thathah—as is clearly written, and beyond 
a doubt, in several different historians, not of Sind only. These words in the 
Persian, in which all the histories of Sind are written, are sometimes, but 
rarely, by ignorant scribes, as one word—. 5 and, in others, it is written in 
various ways, but all tending to show what is meant when the key of solution is ap¬ 
plied, thus:—- AxjjIj - - Axxjlj - &.xxj - Axxj - and 
and in other ways. This place, which some modern writers have “identified” 
as “ Debal,” as “ Lahori Bandar,” “ Kalankot,” and other places, and to have been 
in existence in the time of the Macedonian Alexander’s campaign on the Indus (as 
it now flows) another writer says, was only “ founded in 900 H. (1495 A. D.), by 
the Jam Nizam-ud-Din, Nandah,” which date is just twenty-seven years before the 
total overthrow of the Samraah dynasty and conquest of all Upper Sind by Shah 
Beg Khan, the Arghun Mughal ! 
It may not be amiss to point out hero some of the errors made by different 
historians of Sind, according to their own showing, which have caused suoh confu¬ 
sion respecting the fall of the Sumrahs, and the rise of the Sammahs to power in 
Lar or Lower Sind. 
Mir Ma’sum of Bakhar is one of the chief offenders in this respect. He says, 
that Jam Junah (but whose name is not written but the final ‘ n’ being 
nasal—Juuan) son of and and —for it is written in as many dif¬ 
ferent ways in different MS. copies of his work—died after thirteen years’ reign, in 
the time of Sultan ’Ala-ud-Din, the Khalj Turk ruler of Dihli, who reigned from 
695 to 717 H. (1295-96 to 1317-18 A. D.), and Tamachi, his brother—for he makes 
him, Junan, and Unar, sons of this doubtful ^8^, etc.—his successor. He also makes 
Tamachi to be taken captive by the troops of Sultan ’Ala-ud-Din, actually before 
the time of the Sammahs acquiring superiority over the Sumrahs, and taken to¬ 
gether with his family to Dihli, where, after some considerable time not mentioned, 
Tamachi dies ; and his son, Khair-ud-Din, who, in his infancy, had been taken to 
Dihli with his father, was sent back to rule over Lower Sind. He then makes 
Sultan Muhammad Shah, who reigned from 725 H. (1325 A. D.) to 752 H„ (1351 
A. D.), come into Sind against this same Khair-ud-Din, who would not attend his 
summons to appear in his camp ; and shortly after the Sultan dies in the vicinity of 
Thathah in 752 H. Thus, between the death of ’Ala-ud-Din and of Muhammad 
Shah is a period of twenty-seven years. Mir Ma’sum merely adds, that, some 
years after, he (Khair-ud-Din) died. Then a son of his, styled Jam (and in 
other ways, as before mentioned) succeeds, against whom Sultan Firuz Shah, in 
773 H. (A. D. 1371-72), no less than twenty-one years after, comes to avenge his 
predecessor. This Jam also is carried off to Dihli, according to the same writer, 
where he is kept a prisoner for a considerable time, after which he is released, and 
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