1892.] H. Gr. Raverty —The Mihran of Sind and its Tributaries. 413 
within twenty-four miles of Walh.-h.ar on the Hakra, and beyond, in the 
Bahawal-pur territory. The direction of its course shows that it united 
with the latter, or main river, a little to the north of Marut, lower down 
stream, near which, at the time the Survey quoted from was made, it 
could be distinctly traced, as mentioned at page 423. North and west 
of Marut the channel of the Hakra is very broad and distinct. 
The facts I have here related, and the extracts I have given, show 
clearly, that in each of these three Na’e Wall channels the Sutlaj once 
flowed; and, that it has, in the course of .ages, deserted one channel 
after another as it got silted up, covering the country between with 
a sandy deposit, 442 in inclining from east to west, a distance altogether 
of some eighty-five miles now intervening between its easternmost chan¬ 
nel, and that in which it, along with the Biah, under the new names of 
Hariari, Nili, and Grharah, now flows. The three channels above described, 
are, unquestionably, older than that of the great Dandah or Danda, 443 
and the easternmost of the three is the oldest. 
If we merely take into consideration the heights of the different 
places above the sea level from Ruh-par to Firuz-pur from east to 
west, we shall find the reason why the Sutlaj took a course nearly due 
west from Ruh-par by Ludhianah, and Dharm-Kot, and to the north 
of Firuz-pur, where it united with the Biah in the last century. 
While Ruh-par is 900 feet above the sea, Ludhianah is 806, “ Dal- 
lowala,” west of Dharm-Kot, 727, and north of Firuz-pur 650. On the 
other hand, if we take the levels from along the parallel of 75° E. Longi¬ 
tude, which cuts across the ancient channels in which the Sutlaj for¬ 
merly flowed, we shall find, that, as we go south, the country gradually 
rises from 700 feet at Mogah (I here give the map names for facility of 
reference, but they are all written in the same peculiarly incorrect way) 
to 759 at Daraoli of one map, and Duroulee of another, a rise of 42 
feet. After this again the country gradually declines, and at Alkwala of 
one map and Ulkawala of another, it is 737 above the sea, at Ahmad- 
wala 729, at Thuna, seven miles to the south-west of Bhatindah, 703, at 
442 The Sutlaj held, and the Gh&rah, or Nili, or Hariari, through it, still holds, 
a great deal of sand in suspension, much more than the other rivers of these parts. 
See note 423, pages 403-406, and first paragraph of note 446, page 415. 
443 I fio not know what the correct origin of this name may be, unless it is 
Jt 
derived from the word which means ‘ a pool ’ and the like ; and it is from this, 
a • • :: 
probably, that the word, written and used in the Panj-ab territory 
and in Sind, comes, by which names the long, and narrow pools of water left in the 
channels of old rivers after inundations, are known ; but the people on the banks 
of the old channel of the Sutlaj, in the Firuz-pur district, apply this name to any 
high bank of a river. 
