1892.] H. G. Raverty —The Mihrdn of Sind and its Tributaries. 433 
half east of the present (or l'ate) point of junction with the Ghag-ghar 
mentioned in the next paragraph. 
At the present time, the Sursuti unites with the Ghag-ghar near 
Rasulali, twenty miles north-east of Tihwanah, and fourteen miles and 
a half west-north-west of Kaithal, or eight miles or so west of the 
course it formerly took to unite with the Ghag-ghar. 
Another change in the courses of the rivers of these parts is 
indicated by that of the Markandah, which formerly, after reaching 
Thaska from the direction of Shah-abad, ran west to Kuliram, and, 
after passing one Icitroh south if it, united with the Ghag-ghar. At the 
present time it turns off before reaching Thaska, runs to the south, and 
unites with the Sursuti about two Jcuroh or three miles and a half east 
of Pehu’a. 
The Ghag-ghar, the ancient Drishadwati. 
I now come to the Ghag-ghar, and its tributaries. The course 
of the Ghag-ghar 477 # river has probaby changed oftener than that of 
any other of these parts ; and its shiftings, no doubt, had a deal to do 
with the drying up of the Hakra. The author of the Survey says, 
“ the Ghag-ghar is now a rain-formed river [that is, dependent on 
rain], and very famous in the parts through which it flows. Its exact 
source has not been determined, hut it comes from Kahlur; and it is 
related, that, having flowed past Bhatnir, in by-gone times, it used 
477 # This river is styled “ Cuggur” by Dow and Briggs, although there is no 
such letter as c in the Persian, in which Firishtah’s history is written, nor is there 
in Sanskrit or Hindi. Elphinstone, who quotes Briggs, makes the matter still worse 
by writing it, in his “ History of India,” “ Gdgar ; ” and Rennell writes it “ Cagga.” 
The word in the original form is^-^-S^ the second ‘ g ’ being doubled. 
In the “ Memoirs of George Thomas ” it is stated (p. 164) with respect to the 
course of the “ Ouggur ,” as the author of the “ Memoirs ” styles the Ghag-ghar, 
that, “ during Mr. Thomas’s residence at Batnier , he could perceive little vestige of 
what is called the antient bed of this river, but from the scanty information he 
procured, it appeared to him that the river, tho ’ it formerly ran along the south side 
of the fort, its channel had been choalced up by vast quantities of earth forced 
down from the mountains, and according to the prevailing opinion of the natives, 
tho’ now lost in the sands, west of the city, it formerly extended as far as the Sutlege 
which it joined in the vicinity of Ferozpore.” 
The author of the “ Memoirs ” appears to have reversed Thomas’s meaning, 
since in the map to the “ Memoirs,” the Sutlaj is made to run southwards from 
near Firuz-pur into the Hakra, which it once did, but from a point a long way to 
the east of Firuz-pur. 
In another place it is stated, that the country of the Bhatis “ extends along 
the banks of the Cuggur from the town of Futtahbad to that of Batnier. The soil 
is uncommonly productive, which arises in a great measure from the immense body 
D 3 
