1892.] H. G. Raverty— The Mihr&n of Sind and its Tributaries. 471 
The first reliable information that we possess, dates from abont or 
shortly before, the time of the invasion of Sind by the Arabs—one 
thousand and thirty-nine years subsequent to the invasion of these 
parts by the Greeks — and when we find such changes occurring between 
712 A. D. and 1890 A. D., a period of 1188 years, we may be sure that 
the previous 1038 years had not been without proportionate changes also. 
At, or about the time of, the Arab invasion, the Hakra or Wahin- 
dah, of which the Ohitang, Sursuti, Ghag-ghar, and Sutlaj, and their 
smaller feeders, were tributaries, flowed in two channels from near 
Marut, one of which channels, the easternmost, flowed about south- 
south-west by Ghaus Garli, or Rukn-pur of after years, Khan Garh 
(there are several places of this name, but this one lies on the south¬ 
eastern border of the Bahawal-pur state, near the western frontier 
of Jasal-mir), Wanjh-rufc (the Bijnoot of the maps), 540 and No-har or 
Islam Garh, skirting the Jasal-mir state on the west, and from thence 
down as far as Mitharo or Mitralio, on the south-east frontier of Sind as 
at present constituted, and from thence reached the ran or marsh of 
Kachehh, which it helped to form, by way of Amar Kot of the Sodahs. 
The westernmost branch or channel of the Hakra or Wahindah 
passed from Marut more to the south-westwards, through the present 
Bahawal-pur state, into Sind, very nearly as indicated by the present 
existing channel, as shown in the general map, No. 1. Subsequently, 
through some change in the courses of its tributaries, probably, the 
eastern branch from Marut deserted its old channel on the Jasal-mir 
border, and the Hakra then lost the tributaries it previously received 
from the direction of Poh-karn, east of the town of Jasal-mir, alto¬ 
gether, leaving that part a sandy waste, and the beds of those tribu¬ 
taries ceasing to be perennial, became vans or marshes. 541 This great 
change is indicated by existing proofs, and accounts for all the channels 
still remaining after so many centuries, more or less prominent, over a 
space of some seventy-six miles from east to west, as already recorded. 542 
Where the Sindhu, Ab-i-Sind, Nil-ab, or Indus 643 at that period 
B4iO There are two places called Wanjh-rut. This is different from that des¬ 
cribed at page 497, but were included, apparently, in the same district. 
6il Tradition affirms, that in the Bikanir territory, the waters of the Hakra or 
Wahindah used to spread out into a great lake, near a place called Kak. Shahamat 
’All, in his account of the Bahawal-pur state, says, that Bahawal-pur stands on an 
ancient site which was called Kak. This great lake may have existed south and 
east of that place, for the country is seamed with channels and banks, but the 
position of Bahawal-pur is too far to the north-west to be the part indicated. 
642 That is, from the east bank of the Hakra channel, eastwards. See also 
pages 455 and 479. 
643 It will be noticed that I do not call the Sindhu, Ab-i-Sind, or Indus, “ the 
