Perez Mena and Mora • GEOGRAPHIC SONG VARIATION IN 
THE CUBAN TODY 79 
harmonic (Fig. 2). The initial frequency of the 
fundamental harmonic varied from 3.89 to 
3.49 kHz and the final frequency from 1.50 to 
2.49 kHz. The acoustic parameters that character¬ 
ized this song in each province varied (Table 1). 
A variant form of the characteristic song of the 
Cuban Tody was detected in two individuals, one 
in Pinar del Rio and one in Santiago de Cuba. 
Each time, the song accompanied conspecific 
aggressive behavior and chasing, and sounded like 
a trmrrrrrr-trrrrrrrrrr. This song variant in the 
spectrogram resembles the characteristic song in 
that it is also a train of downward frequency- 
modulated notes (Fig. 3). This variant, compared 
to the characteristic song of the species, had a 
higher note repetition rate (average interval 
between notes of 23.53 ± 0.72 msec; n = 2 
birds; 15 songs) and a lower frequency content of 
the fundamental harmonic (initial frequency: 2.72 
- 0.01 kHz; final frequency: 1.69 ± 0.03 kHz). 
The notes typically showed two harmonics. 
Another sound emitted by the Cuban Tody was 
presumably produced with the wings and is 
responsible for the species popular name in Cuba 
“Pedorrera”, a Spanish onomatopoeic rendering 
of this sound (Garrido and Kirkconnell 2000). 
Perceived as a prrr-prrr, it was frequently emitted 
by birds interacting with conspecifics or hetero- 
specifics invading their territory. The average 
sound (n = 2 birds) appears in the spectrogram 
like a train of more than four short clicks (click 
duration of 6.83 ± 1.22 msec) covering a 
frequency band between 3.34 ± 0.43 to 2.59 ± 
0.18 kHz (Fig. 4). 
Variation in the Characteristic Song .—Most 
acoustic parameters used to describe the charac¬ 
teristic song of the Cuban Tody had statistical 
differences among provinces. Birds from Isla de la 
Juventud and Pinar del Rio emitted more notes per 
train spaced at longer intervals than birds from the 
rest of the provinces. The peak frequency of the 
notes had lower values in birds from Isla de la 
Juventud. These differences, however, did not 
show monotonic changes along the island of 
tuba, which was taken as evidence for absence of 
continuous variation (Table 1). 
We applied a discriminant function analysis 
(D FA) to 116 individuals from seven provinces of 
tuba to assess the presence of geographic song 
variation in the Cuban Tody. Individuals of Isla de 
* a Juventud and Guantanamo were correctly 
183.3%) classified to their provinces (Table 2). 
Correct classification in the rest of the provinces 
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