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THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY • Vol. 123, No. 1, March 2011 
Factor I (85.5%) 
+ Guantanamo 
FIG. 5. Discriminant function analysis examining geographic song variation in the characteristic song of the Cuban 
Tody throughout the island of Cuba. Each point represents an individual. The ellipses represent the 95% confidence area for 
the individuals from Isla de la Juventud and Guantanamo, the two provinces with the highest correct classification 
percentages. The percentage of cumulative variance is shown between parentheses. A: sonogram of a typical song from 
Guantanamo. B: sonogram of a typical song from Isla de la Juventud. 
with Kepler (1977), suggested the Todus group is 
monophyletic and developed prior to the Pleisto¬ 
cene. Thus, the opportunity existed for Pleistocene 
sea-level changes to have created the conditions 
needed for the variation in vocalizations that we 
observed. 
We cannot dismiss the possibility that more 
recent habitat fragmentation is the cause of the 
TABLE 2. Discriminant function analysis, using a cross validated method, testing for geographic variation in the 
characteristic song of the Cuban Tody. IJ: Isla de la Juventud; PR: Pinar del Rio; Mt: Matanzas; CA: Ciego de Avila; Cm: 
Camagiiey; SC: Santiago de Cuba; Gt: Guantanamo. 
Classified as u 
IJ 20 
PR 3 
Mt 1 
CA o 
Cm 0 
SC o 
Gt 0 
Total n 24 
% correct identification 83.3 
PR Mt CA 
5 0 1 
5 2 0 
2 0 0 
0 3 0 
0 0 0 
0 0 o 
1 4 8 
13 9 9 
38.5 0.0 0.0 
Cm SC Gt 
ooo 
0 0 2 
0 o 1 
0 0 1 
0 0 0 
0 1 1 
3 7 45 
3 8 50 
0.0 12.5 90.0 
