Lee et al. • PROVISIONING RATES OF VARIED TITS 
285 
TABLE 2. Differences in provisioning rate of male and female Varied Tits at three sites, Mt. Jiri, Korea, 2007 
(Repeated measure ANOVA within nestling age). 
Variable Sile Between df F P 
Provisioning rate Piagol (300 m) Male and Female 1 185.54 <0.001 
Siamjae (900 m) 143.32 <0.001 
Nogodan (1.400 m) 79.33 <0.001 
■■ = significant IP < 0.05). 
hatching, as there was a strong positive correla¬ 
tion between the ratio and the number of days 
(until 9-10 days) after hatching (Tabic 4). The 
tendency of increase in the provisioning rate until 
9-10 days of the nestling period was higher for 
males than lor females. The relative ratio of male 
provisioning rate to that of females at Piagol 
(300 mj tended to increase, but the increase was 
not statistically significant. 
DISCUSSION 
The provisioning rate of males and females 
increased with elevation for Varied Tits (Fig. 1) 
and this behavior seems to be essential to 
producing offspring under challenging environ¬ 
mental conditions. Habitat quality in mountainous 
regions with elevation gradients is influenced 
strongly by elevation because of habitat condi- 
Nestling age (days) 
FIG. 2. Provisioning rate of male and female Varied Tits, Mt. Jiri. Korea. 2007. (A) Both parents. (B) Males. 
,c ) Females. 
