Janes and Ryker • BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER SONG 
343 
(A) Applegate 
HIM 
(C) Diamond Rock 
* 
■s N 
'V/H*,* 
(B) Grave 
•LV*>**V 
. 4 • I « I 11 v 
• ' A 4 /• ^ V 
I I I 
' * /t k r 
(D) Emigrant 
. AV'\’ 
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 
Time (sec) 
FIG. 4. Examples of Type I songs of four different male Black-throated Gray Warblers from each of four variants in 
southwestern Oregon and northern California illustrating variation within variants, 1998-2007. The variants are (A) 
Applegate and (B) Grave, relatively targe and continuous populations; (C) Emigrant, a small (2 km 2 ) isolated population; 
and (D) Diamond Rock, a highly fragmented population. 
central Washington, although not in all variants. 
and B 3 tended to fuse in some variants into a 
single syllable. 
B 4 consisted of a single vibrato or tonal note 
delivered at a relatively high frequency, the 
highest in a song. B.s began with a tonal note that 
decreased in frequency often ending with a 
vibrato note of relatively low frequency, typically 
•he lowest in a song. 
This pattern or some derivative characterized 
•he B-phrase of nine of the 14 variants, but 
variants in the southern and western portions of 
•he study area did not conform well to this model. 
s °me of the syllables in the B-phrase may be 
modified forms of B|_ 3 , but the relationships are 
not clear (Fig. 3, Table 1). 
Relations Among Song Variants .—Some variants 
had close affinities based on structure. In particular, 
variants from the upper Rogue River watershed 
( Applegate, Caves. Crooks, Grave. Diamond Rock, 
and Emigrant) comprised one set of variants. 
Syllables from the A-phrase typically included a 
vibrato note followed immediately by one or two 
tonal notes in addition to similarities in structure of 
the B-phrase. The order of vibrato and tonal notes 
was reversed in the Grave population. 
Variants outside the upper Rogue River water¬ 
shed differed although conforming to the same 
