Hennessey • SPECIES RANK OF PHIBALURA ( FLAVIROSTRIS) BOLIVIAN A 
457 
4- 
Call A 
Call B 
3- 
kHz 
i 
2- 
1 - 
4 
0.2 0 4 0.6 0 8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1 8 2 2.2 2.4 
Time (sec) 
4- 
Call D 
Call E 
3- 
kHz 
A '{ 
9 A 
#7 * p *• ' ■ 
2- 
1 - 
i a 
* 
itL 
tiki ■ 
thC :WiiK :V v 
0.2 0.4 0.6 0 8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2 4 
Time (sec) 
FIG. 3. Calls A, B, C, D, and E of Phibalura flavirostris boliviano , Apolo Region, La Paz, Bolivia. 
DISCUSSION 
Data collection in Bolivia has been intensive in 
the Madidi Region (Remsen and Traylor 1989, 
Hennessey and Gomez 2003, Hennessey et al. 
2003), and we now know that boliviano is a 
reproductively isolated population. Given the 
extreme range disjunction between the two 
allopatric taxa, it is likely to retain its genetic 
and phenotypic integrity. From the consistent, 
diagnosable differences in morphometric plum¬ 
age, soft part, vocalization, and reproductive 
seasonal movement differences between the two 
taxa. it is highly probable these are separate 
lineages, each on its own evolutionary trajectory. 
A male boliviano was observed in an exaggerated 
flight display over two females in December 
2003, similar to the flight display observed of 
Chestnut-crested Cotinga ( Ampelion rufaxilla) 
(Hennessey 2004) where the tail was extended 
outward. The increased tail length of boliviano as 
compared to flavirostris , a sexually selected 
secondary character in its exaggerated form, 
would appear to demonstrate evolved reproduc¬ 
tive behavior changes, possibly involving flight 
display and mate choice. The much more complex 
and increased vocal repertoire of boliviano also 
suggests evolved behavioral differences. The 
4 - Song A 
Time (sec) 
FIG. 4. Song A of Phibalura flavirostris boliviano, Apolo Region, La Paz, Bolivia. 
