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Natal and Adult Dispersal of Red-eyed Vireos in a Large Southern 
Ontario Forest 
Benjamin J. Walters 1 ' 2 and Erica Nol 1 
ABSTRACT.—We report re-encounter rates and 
dispersal distances of Red-eyed Vireos (Vireo oliva- 
ceus) re-encountered 1 year after banding in a large 
forest (~ 4,600 ha) in southern Ontario, Canada. We re¬ 
encountered 12 (11%) of 109 banded tndividuals. 
Dispersal distances ranged from 40 to 9,870 m and 
wereJongest for hatch year (HY) bandings (median = 
4,970 ni. n 3). Distances were similar between other 
age classes (SY: median = 225 m. n = 4: ASY: median 
2-0 m. n — 5), and males (median = 220 m. n = 9 ) 
and females (median = 250 m, „ = 3) Our re¬ 
encounters of banded Red-eyed Vireos provide infor¬ 
mation on dispersal, detection rates, and methodology 
that could potentially improve future marking efforts 
and apparent survivorship estimates. Received 28 July 
2010. Accepted 20 February 2011. 
Re-encounters of marked birds provide mea¬ 
sures of annual survivorship needed to assess 
population viability (Gould and Nichols 1998). 
population change (Anders and Marshall 2005) 
fecundity (Anders et al. 1997). and fitness (Crone 
2001). It is problematic that little is known about 
survival, especially of passerines (Marshall et al. 
Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program 
TO&r Wes ' Bank Dnre - 
2 Corresponding author; 
e-mail: benjaminwalters@trentu.ca 
2000), considering the need for accurate demo¬ 
graphic modeling in avian conservation. 
Accurate survivorship estimation using mark- 
recapture depends on: (1) the marked sample 
being in the search area, (2) a reobservation 
probability of 1,0 if an individual is alive, and <3) 
identifying dead individuals or lost markers 
(Kendall and Nichols 2004). These conditions 
are rarely satisfied because of emigration (eg.. 
Cilimburg et al. 2002). unequal reobservation 
probability (Carothers 1979). and the improbabil¬ 
ity ol finding dead individuals or lost markers. 
Search etforts outside of the capture area lo 
account tor emigrants provide more accurate 
apparent survivorship estimates, and improved 
model precision (Cilimburg et al. 2002, Cox and 
Jones 2010). Yet, few studies attempt io re- 
observe marked individuals over large areas 
(Cilimburg et al. 2002) and/or use methods to 
correct for movement into unobservable locations 
(Kendall and Nichols 2004). Apparent survival 
will likely underestimate true survivorship (An¬ 
ders and Marshall 2005), in (he absence of 
species-specific dispersal information, and will 
fail to recognize the potential bias of studying 
open populations in finite areas (Cooper et al 
2008), 
Red-eyed Vireos (Vireo olivaceous) breed in 
deciduous and mixed deciduous woodlands (Citn- 
