SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 
639 
prich et al. 2000), and conifer plantations (BJW, 
pers. obs.) with high canopy cover (Siepielski ct 
al. 2001). We marked Red-eyed Vireos in a large 
forest (-4,600 ha) in southern Ontario with the 
objective of assessing interannual survivorship 
and site fidelity. However, we re-encountered 
fewer individuals (11%) than would be expected 
based on recapture rates for other populations of 
Red-eyed Vireos (e.g., 54-89%; Savidge and 
Davis 1974). An apparent survivorship estimate 
calculated using our data would likely underesti¬ 
mate true survivorship. The low re-encounter rate 
we observed may be the result of low probability 
of re-encountering an individual that is alive as a 
result of interannual dispersal. We report and 
discuss natal and breeding dispersal distances of 
Red-eyed Vireos in our study area as supplemen¬ 
tal information to help reduce bias in future 
survivorship estimates caused by individuals that 
are undetected or unobservable (Kendall and 
Nicholls 2004). 
METHODS 
We conducted our study in the —5,500-ha 
Ganaraska Forest. Ontario, Canada (44 04' N. 
78 30' W) which is composed of mixed 
deciduous forest and conifer plantations. We 
limited our activities to an approximately rectan¬ 
gular (3.5 X 11 km), continuously forested area 
(-4,600 ha). 
We banded Red-eyed Vireos from 26 June to 
15 August 2007 before the typical migration 
period in Ontario (—22 Aug to 21 Sep; Woodrey 
and Chandler 1997), using unique color combi¬ 
nations at 35 locations between 0.07 and 11.4 km 
apan. Nestlings (hatching year; HY), were banded 
once they were at least 5 days of age but before 
dieir primaries were half grown. Adults were 
captured in mist nets using a lure of mixed species 
alarm calls (Red-eyed Vireo, Yellow-throated 
Vireo [Vireo Jlavifrons], Blue-hcuded Vireo [V. 
tolitarius]. Red-breasted Nuthatch [Silta cam- 
detisis], and Black-capped Chickadee l Poecile 
wricapillus]) broadcast using a mp3 player and 
amplified portable speakers. Trap sites were 
haphazardly established throughout the forest, 
generally in areas of annual nest searching and 
point-count activities, and where trees or shrubs 
provided low cover. 
We classified the age of adults as second year 
(SY) when flight feathers were evenly worn, 
primary covens were narrow with little or no 
green edging and, to a lesser extent, when tail 
feathers were narrow and tapered. We classified 
the age of adults as after second year (ASY) when 
primary coverts w'ere broad and truncate with 
distinct green edging, when tail feathers were 
broad and not distinctly tapered, and when 
secondaries had a defined contrast in wear 
(Mulvihill and Rimmer 1997. Pyle 1997). Indi¬ 
viduals not distinctly SY or ASY were classified 
as after hatching year (AHY). We classified males 
and females based on the presence of a cloacal 
protuberance or brood patch, respectively. 
We attempted to reobserve banded Red-eyed 
Vireos during nest searching and point counts in 
2008, at many but not all banding locations. One 
observer (BJW) actively searched for banded 
individuals al the 2007 banding locations from 
14 June to 8 July 2008 by broadcasting a playback 
of Red-eyed Vireo songs for 2 min and then 
mixed species alarm calls for 2 min after 1 min of 
silence. 
We calculated dispersal distances using Map- 
Source Version 5.2 (nearest 10 m; Garmin Ltd. 
2003). Wc measured the distance for females from 
the trapping location to their 2008 nest and, for 
males, we measured the distance from the 
trapping location to their nest or to where the 
territorial male was first observed singing when 
their nest was not found. We excluded two re¬ 
encountered individuals from our results. An 
individual handed as a nestling was reobserved 
195 m from its banding location early in the 
breeding season (4 Jun 2008) and was not re¬ 
observed on subsequent searches. Another indi¬ 
vidual was reobserved daring playback surveys 
but the band combination could not be clearly 
read. 
RESULTS 
We re-encountered 12 of 109 (11%) banded 
Red-eyed Vireos (Table 1) l year after banding. 
Two were first re-encountered using playback of 
mixed species alarm calls, and 10 were first 
observed during nest searching. One individual 
known to be nesting in the area was also re¬ 
observed during playback. We re-encountered 
more males (w = 9) than females (n = 3), and 
similar proportions of HY (3 of 25 banded, 12%), 
SY (4 of 27. 15%), and ASY (5 of 56, 9%) 
individuals. Red-eyed Vireos were re-encountered 
between 40 and 9.870 m (Table 2) from their 
banding location. Two H\ Red-eyed Vireos 
banded as nestlings and an ASY male had long 
