Bernardo el al. • BLACK-FRONTED PIPING GUAN DENSITY ESTIMATES 
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FIG. I. Known populations of Black-fronted Piping Guans: (I) Mandala, (2) Serra do Mar-Nucleo Cunha/Santa 
Virginia, (3) Ilhabela, (4) Serra do Mar-Nucleo Caraguatatuba, (5) Boraccia, (6) Curucutu. (7) Perufbe, (8) Itanhaem. (9) 
Jureia-Itatins, (10) Carlos Botelho, (II) Intervales. (12) PETAR, (13) Jacupiranga. (14) Uha do Cardoso. (15) Lauraceas, 
(16) Salto Morato, (17) Cachoeira, (18) Guaraque?abn, (19) Itaqui. (20) Serra do Tabuleiro, (21) Londrina, (22) Foz. do 
Areia, (23) Charqueada, (24) Corredor do Igua?u, (25) Igua^u (Brazil). (26) Iguazu i Argentina), (27) Turvo, (28) Missiones, 
(29) San Rafael, (30) Amambay, (31) Corricntes, (32) Golondrina. and (33) Mbaracayu (Sources: Galetti et al. 1997, Clay 
2001. Marques ct al. 2002, Tomim-Borges et al. 2002, Giraudo and Povedano 2003. Straube cl al. 2004, ICMBio 2008; 
Bruno Lima. pens, comm.; Fabio Schunck. pers. comm ). The hatched area corresponds to the original range of Black- 
fronted Piping Guans (IUCN 2010), which excluded original range areas 31 to 33. 
endangered due (o ongoing and unsustainable 
hunting pressure, and severe habitat loss (Sick 
1997. IUCN 2010), This species was formerly 
abundant (Sick 1997) and now has been 
extirpated from most of its original distribution, 
particularly in the Brazilian states of Bahia. 
Espi'rito Santo. Minas Gerais, and Rio de 
Janeiro (Collar ct al. 1992, Galetti ct al. 1907. 
Bernardo and Clay 2006). Currently, 33 differ¬ 
ent populations are estimated to be extant in the 
wild (Fig. 1) with 26 in Brazil (ICMBio 2008), 
four in Paraguay (Clay 2001). and three in 
Argentina (Benstead and Hearn 1994). A recent 
study in Misiones (Argentina) provided new 
records for the species in at least 13 localities 
of this region (Cockle and Bodrati 2011). The 
species has been successfully reintroduced in 
three protected areas in the Brazilian states of 
Minas Gerais (Ipalinga). Rio de Janeiro (Gua- 
piafu). and Sao Paulo (Paraibuna) using cap¬ 
tive-bred individuals from the Crax Brasil 
breeding center in Minas Gerais and from 
CESP in Sao Paulo (ICMBio 2008). 
Our objective is to present density estimates 
derived from data collected during a series of 
intensive population surveys across 11 protected 
areas in Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, 
between 2001 and 2007. We expected to find 
higher density estimates of Black-fronted Piping 
Guans among continuous mainland forests than 
within the non-connected mainland and inshore 
islands’ remnant Atlantic rainforests because 
continuous mainland forests generally present 
higher immigration rates and. consequently, 
higher re-colonization rates than non-connected 
forests or islands (Hanski 1999). 
