739 
Albayrak et al. • MORPHOMETRICS OF KRUPER’S NUTHATCH 
TABLE 4. Classification results for the discriminant analysis (original) of Kruper’s Nuthatch, Anatolian Peninsula, 
Turkey; 85 and 50% of selected original grouped cases are correctly classified. 
Population 
Predicted group membership 
ala 
BUK 
KAZ 
KAR 
Totals 
ALA 
85% 
14 (87.50) 
1 (6.25) 
1 (6.25) 
0 (0.00) 
16 (100) 
50% 
12 (75.00) 
2 (12.50) 
1 (6.25) 
1 (6.25) 
16 (100) 
BUK 
85% 
1 (6.25) 
12 (75.00) 
2 (12.50) 
1 (6.25) 
16 (100) 
50% 
3 (18.75) 
8 (50.00) 
2(12.50) 
3 (18.75) 
16 (100) 
KAZ 
85% 
0 (0.00) 
1 (7.14) 
12 (85.71) 
1 (7.14) 
14 (100) 
50% 
2 (14.29) 
4 (28.57) 
5 (35.71) 
3 (21.43) 
14 (100) 
KAR 
85% 
0 (0.00) 
2 (14.29) 
0 (0.00) 
12(85.71) 
14 (100) 
50% 
0 (0.00.) 
7 (50.00) 
2 (14.29) 
5 (35.71) 
14(100) 
(Ciplak 2004). The explanation for the present 
findings regarding differentiation of nuthatch 
populations may be isolation of subpopulations 
during the glacial period and ongoing habitat 
fragmentation. There may have been a minimum 
of two different refugia, southern and northern, 
tor Kriiper’s Nuthatch during the glacial periods 
due to the topographic structure of Anatolia. The 
extent of isolation may increase with ongoing 
fragmentation of breeding habitats due to logging, 
deforestation, etc. 
Our study did not fully answer the question 
win Kruper’s Nuthatch exhibit morphologic 
differentiation in Turkey. Our results agree with 
the already observed pattern of isolation by 
distance, and also the existence of northern and 
southern refugia during recent glacial periods. 
Molecular markers can provide more information 
about the biogeographic history of this species 
and can also assess the relationship among 
isolated subpopulations. Our results should he 
useful in conservation applications and future 
research. The population diversity of Kriiper’s 
Nuthatch at present is small, but still detectable, 
and could be used to identify and design protected 
areas for subpopulations and help with conserva¬ 
tion efforts. 
ACKNOWLEDGM ENTS 
w e thank Metin Balfay who provided valuable technical 
assistance in our field research and Figen Erkog for 
valuable comments and suggestions. This study was 
supported by the Akdeniz University Research Fund (Nr: 
-005.03.0121.01). 
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