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The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 123(4):840-845. 2011 
Affinities of Three Vagrant Cave Swallows from Eastern North America 
Joshua I. Engel , 1,3 Mary H. Hennen , 1 Christopher C. Witt , 2 3 and Jason D. Weckstein 1 
ABSTRACT.—We analyzed the mitochondrial cyto 
chrome h gene of three vagrant Cave Swallov 
(Petrocheltdon fulva) specimens from Illinois, Nev 
ork, and New Jersey and compared them to publisher 
sequences from across the breeding range of the species 
AH three specimens were assigned to the southwesterr 
United States/Mexico subspecies (P. f pallida group 
on the basis of plumage coloration. Molecular result, 
reveal that all three birds possess unique and nove 
mitochondrial haplotypes that are closely related u 
onh?r S f K m I kn °' Vn P J[ Pa " ida indiv ^als. None 
of the three haplotypes Irom the vagrant individuals is 
within the monophyletic dade of haplotypes that 
corresponds to the Caribbean subspecies (Pf. f ulva) 
Received 27 January 2011. Accepted 8 July 2011. 
he expansion in breeding and wintering range 
of the Cave Swallow (Petrochelidon fulva) has 
coincided with a dramatic increase in vagrant 
birds far to the east and north of their normal 
range, particularly in autumn. Several have been 
ound dead and these specimens deposited in 
museum collections. The origins of these vagrants 
BirdS - Reld Museum of Natural History 
2 Museum D " Ve ’ Chicag0, IL 6( *>05, USA. 
BiologT u„it5v m‘" 08 ' V a " d D ^ nmM 
87131, USA. y f NeW Mexico - Albuquerque. NM 
3 Corresponding author; e-mail 
jengel2@fieldmuseum.org 
are not always clear due to difficulties with 
identification. Identifying these vagrants with 
certainty using genetic methods can help unravel 
the poorly understood relationship between va¬ 
grancy and breeding range expansion. Genetic 
methods have been previously used to identity 
vagrant birds to species (e.g., Tliorup et al. [2004] 
identified two Phylloscopus warblers and Wittet 
al. 12010] identified a Brachymmphus murreiet). 
but this is the first attempt to do so at the 
population level. 
The Cave Swallow, according to mitochondnal 
DNA (mtDNA) data (Kirchman et al. 2000). 
consists of two diagnosable forms, one breeding 
in the Greater Antilles and Florida (P. f- M' 1 
group) and the other breeding in the southwestern 
United States and Mexico (P. f pallida group: 
West [2005]; nomenclature follows AOl 1 [20001 K 
Most specimens are diagnosable via plumage 
coloration patterns, but field identification of Ibe 
two forms is extremely difficult. 
Previous specimen records of vagrant Cave 
Swallows in eastern North America have primar¬ 
ily been identified as P. f pallida, including 
autumn specimens from New York. New Jeiv>- 
Ontario, South Carolina. Virginia, and Ohio 
( McNair and Post 1999, Dinsmore and Farnsworth 
2006, Spahn and Tetlow 2006, O’Brien 2007. P"' 1 
2008). There are winter specimens front South 
