from “ Dsam Ling Gyeshe.” 
7 
1887.] 
Lower Purang in the east and not at a great distance from it, there 
is an extensive plain known by the name of Lava-manthang, and inhabited 
by a tribe of Tibetans. This was formerly nnder the government of Lhasa, 
bat lately it has passed nnder the Nepalese rnle. Then passing exten¬ 
sive Doh lands and proceeding in an easterly direction yon come to the 
large district of Jonga Dsong, where there is a large fort with a prison 
attached to it, and several monasteries headed by Jongah PheZ-gya Ling. 
Lower down to the east of Jonga Dsong lies the conntry of Tibet proper, 
consisting of the two great provinces of Tsang (Gtsang) and U (Dvus)> 
These were subdivided into fonr Uu or military quarters, namely, 
U-ru, Yern, Yon-rn and Rulas. During the supremacy of the Hor 
Emperors, U and Tsang were divided into six districts each, called 
Thi-7cor, and the lake country of Yamdo was constituted into a separate 
Thi-Tcor. 
To the south of the Jonga district and the adjoining Dokpa lands lies 
the well-known district of Kirong, which is the most westerly part of 
Upper Tsang. At Kirong is the great monastery of Samtanling, which 
still preserves its reputation for sanctity. The monks of this ancient 
institution are famous for the purity of their morals and their exemplary 
discipline. Kirong contains the shrine of Chovo Wati Ssang-po, one of 
the four celebrated Chovo (Lord Buddha) of Tibet. To the south and in 
the neighbourhood of this Tibetan district lie Samkhu, Nayakota and 
other places of Nepal. Then proceeding eastward you arrive at Nalam, 
also called Nanam, adjoining which is Gungthang, the birthplace of 
Jetsun Milarapa and Rva Lochava. 
II.—Tibet Proper. 
To the east and south of the Jongah district and the adjoining 
Dokpa lands, at the commencement of Upper Tsang, lies Mang-yul 
Kyidong (Kirong), adjoining the south boundary of which lie the Nepalese 
districts of Samkhu and Nayakota. Kirong contains the temple called 
Samtanling and the image of Buddha, celebrated by the name of Chovo 
Wati Ssang-po, from which a “ lustre of glory ” is said to issue at all 
times. 
To the east of the Kirong district lies Nalam (Nanam), (to the south 
of which is the Nalam pass), in the vicinity of which are Gung thang, the 
birthplace of Rva Lochava and Toipa phug, the hermitage of the sage 
Milarapa, and Chhubar, the place where Milarapa died,—all these places 
lying on the Tibet-Nepal boundary. Close to them are the recluses’ 
monasteries of Phelgya ling and Targya ling, in the neighbourhood of 
that grand and very lofty snowy mountain called Jomo Kangkar, and at 
