8 
H. Rivett-Carnac —Bough Notes on some 
[No. 1, 
markings described in paras. 8 to 10 of these notes, (for this paper has 
been divided into paragraphs, in order to facilitate reference to the several 
points mentioned) that since I had the pleasure to bring to the notice of 
the Society the existence of markings on the stone circles of Central India 
similar to the Archaic sculpturings on similar circles in Europe, that the 
subject has been advanced a stage by the discovery, not only of the single 
type of “ cup marks”, but of two or three other distinct types, nearly 
exactly resembling those treated of, and figured by, the late Sir J. Simpson 
in his work already alluded to. 
24. In addition to the “ cup-marks” of which so many examples are 
to be found at Cbandeshwar and in the Sameshwar valley, we have now 
the second type, i. e. the cup mark enclosed in a circle—also the types 
given at Figs. 14 and 15 of Plate ii, and in other plates, of Sir J. Simp¬ 
son’s work. A comparison of the accompanying sketches, which, although 
rough, are sufficiently accurate, with the plates in Sir J. Simpson’s volume, 
will, I believe, leave little doubt of an extraordinary resemblance between 
the markings found on similar classes of remains in Northumberland, and 
in many parts of Scotland, Ireland, Brittany, Norway, Denmark, &c. 
Extracts from Sir J. Simpson’s descriptions of these markings and 
tracings of some of the plates accompany this paper, in case the work 
should not be immediately available. 
25. Sir J. Simpson holds that these markings in Europe are not of 
natural formation, and an examination of these series of lines and holes in 
Kamaon will lead to the same conclusion, and leave little doubt that the 
same view holds good in India also. The distinct rows in which the cups are 
arranged, the shapes other than that of “ holes” assumed, indicate design and 
suggest that the sculpturings are artificial, not natural. Sir J. Simpson meets 
the view that those in Europe are of recent formation and have been made 
perhaps by the shepherd boys on which to play a sort of game of draughts, by 
shewing that the cup-marks are more often on the sides of boulders, or on the 
face of rocks, where no such game could be played; and the same remark 
holds good for the Central Indian and Kamaon cup-marks. And, after all, 
even admitting that this view correctly accounts for the cup-marks, it 
would not dispose of the origin of the other rough sculpturings. 
26. Moreover the people of the neighbourhood have no tradition of the 
origin of the remains or of the markings on them save that they are the work 
of the giants, or the goalas, which in their minds means the far past. No 
one there has any knowledge of the markings being of recent construction. 
27. And here attention may be called to the circumstance that the 
idea of such remains being the work of the “ goalas”, or herclmen, is identi¬ 
cal in Kamaon and in Central India, also many hundreds of miles south. 
In Central India tradition points to the existence of a Goala dynasty, a 
