11 
1877.] Ancient Sculpturings on rochs in Kctmaon. 
Europe are the remains o£ that primitive form of worship which is known 
to have extended at one time over a great portion of the globe, and which 
still exists all over India, and that these markings are the rude records 
of a nomadic race which at an early epoch of the world’s history left 
the Central Asian nursery, and travelling in different directions have left 
their traces, in Europe as in India, of tumuli and rock sculpturings, generally 
to be found in hill countries, and inaccessible spots whither at a later period 
they were forced to retreat before the advance of a more civilised and a 
more powerful race. The one being what are generally known by the 
somewhat vague term of Scythians or Shepherd kings, the other the 
Aryans, descended from the same parent stock, and who later were forced by 
the necessities of increasing numbers to emigrate from the common Central 
Asian home, and to explore and conquer the rich countries far to the 
West and South. Baron Bonstetten’s Map of the localities in which 
archaic remains are found (Plate xxxm of Sir J. Simpson’s work) 
supports this view. Kistvaens, barrows, cup-marks, rock sculpturings, all 
more or less of the same type, abound in all the corners of the European 
Continent indicating that the people who constructed them, were driven 
thither by a wave of invasion surging from some central point. And so 
also in India, these remains are found, not in the plains and open country, 
but in the forests, among the fastnesses of the hills, in the gorges of 
the Himalayas and Nilgiris, on the Highlands of Central India in that 
Cul-de-sac of the Nagpur country, which was long protected by its natural 
rampart of the Satpuras with their “ abattis” of dense forest, from the 
effects of Northern Invasion. 
33. I am aware that the view of these markings having reference to 
ling am worship is not now advanced for the first time. The subject is 
alluded to at page 93 of Sir J. Simpson’s work but only to be summarily 
dismissed with the following brief remark : 
“ Two archaeological friends of mine, dignitaries in the Episcopal 
“ Church, have separately formed the idea that the lapidary cups and circles 
“ are emblems of old female Lin gam worship, a supposition which appears 
“ to me to be totally without any anatomical or other foundation, and one 
“ altogether opposed by all we know of the specific class of symbols used in 
“ that worship, either in ancient or modern times.” 
I am sanguine, however, that if the late Sir J. Simpson had seen the 
sketches of what I have called the “ conventional symbols ” on the shrines 
at Chandeshwar, and had been able to compare them with some of the 
types figured in his work, he might have been inclined to modify the opinion 
above extracted. The treatment of these symbols is purely conventional, 
they bear no anatomical resemblance to anything, they are unlike many of 
the large well known and acknowledged representations of the Mahadeo and 
