1877.] 
of Eastern Turhistdn. 
245 
All these stages of the Turki verb formation co-exist in the present 
language of Yarkand. If one asks a man whether he has seen so-and-so, 
he replies : “ korgan .” This word may denote equally “ the person who 
sees”, “ the thing seen”, and “ the action of seeing.” But in a case of 
ambiguity, or for greater emphasis, he might also answer : korgan-im bar 
(lit. “ my seeing exists”), or korgan-man (lit. “ I the seer”). In one case 
the possessive ( im “ my”), and in the other the personal pronoun (gnan “ I”), 
is affixed; and thus the 1st Person singular of two (Indefinite) Past 
Tenses is formed. These are the two typical modes of forming the persons 
of a tense, and there is no other. 
Out of such simple materials is the whole Turkish conjugation pro¬ 
duced, which Prof. Max Muller compares to a tree with innumerable 
branches, each of which is bowed down to the earth by the weight of the 
fruit which it bears. The above form, kor-gan , is but one of the several 
verbal nouns produced from the root kor ; the same root when labelled 
with other affixes, instead of gan, denoting different times (tenses) or 
modes (moods) for the action, forms various verbal nouns and participles. 
These participles, either attached to pronouns as above, or in composition 
with auxiliary participles which are so attached, produce the whole of the 
270 (and odd) tense-persons of which a primary Turki verb conjugation 
consists. 
Remusat charges the Eastern Turki (Ouigour) with employing no 
true auxiliary verb, i. e ., according to his definition, an auxiliary personal 
future or past tense applied to a participle, either future or past (not 
‘present). “ II resulte de cette combinaison, des j^sd^-parf^ts, des 
futurs, des parfaits composes, toutes choses inconnues en Ouigour.” 
A further acquaintance has revealed to us, at least in modern Ouigour 
(“ actuellement la langue des habitants des villes depuis Khasigar jusqu’a 
Kamoul”), all these things which M. de Remusat had missed. Such tenses 
as gelip-idim , “ I had done”, gelip-holier man , “ I shall have done”, gela - 
durghan-holdum , “ I have determined to do” (lit. “ I have become about 
to do”), answer completely to the above definition. Thus the Turki tongue 
leaves nothing to be desired in the way of tense varieties. 
But this is not all; for the root itself previous to the addition of 
any tense or mood terminations may have its meaning or application 
modified by other affixes (producing secondary Verbs, Passive, Causative, 
Reciprocative, &e.). By the accumulative faculty of the Turki tongue 
these produce numbers of fresh forms. Like a gambler who “ doubles 
all round”, each of them adds to the former stock of words a number 
equal to that which existed without it. Going round to each tense of the 
original verb and of its compounds, it lays down another by its side. 
One peculiarity of the process called “ playing double or quits” is, as 
