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[No. 3, 
R. B. Shaw —A Grammar of the Language 
£ Gh, the oriental letter 4 ghain’, resembling in sound the Parisian 4 r 
grassaye’, or the Northumberland 4 burr’, sometimes interchanged 
with (3, q (see Chapter II, 44 Phonetic changes of Consonants”), 
o F, often interchanged in pronunciation, and even in writing, with P ; 
as 4 Fddshah’ for 4 Padshah’; ‘ far wall’ for ‘parwah’, and vice versa , 
1 pur sat’ for 4 fur sat’. 
<j Q, pronounced far back in the throat with a kind of choking effort. 
The Yarkand pronunciation of it is rougher than that of the Persians. 
Sometimes interchangeable with £ gh (see 44 Phonetic Changes”). 
cD K, the ordinary sound, as in the English word 4 keep’. 
the ordinary sound, as in get , never as in gin. K and G are some¬ 
times interchangeable (see 44 Phonetic changes”), and in manuscrijff 
the second stroke is generally omitted. 
ng, is pronounced as in English, but the g is not separately or distinctly 
sounded even before a vowel. The pronunciation is that of 44 hanger”, 
not of 44 anger”. 
J L , the ordinary sound, 
f i!P, do. 
cJ N\ do. 
j IF or O or U. As a consonant, the same as the English w. As a 
vowel, there are four varieties of pronunciation, not distinguished by 
any difference in the vernacular writing, viz. :— 
O , as in hone. 
O, (German sound). Ex.: Icon (day) rhymes with G. schon , but is 
pronounced a little shorter. 
Z7, (English oo). Ex. : hu , (this) pronounced hoo. 
TJ, (French u) or German u or ue. Ex. : ulmah (to die) : the 
sound of u in German 4 iiber’. 
a PT, the common aspirate. 
Y or F or I. As a consonant, pronounced like the English y ; but 
the Yarkandis often give it a slight sound of the French j : as yuz 
(side), pronounced 1 juz* (Frenchy), and ike (two), pronounced ijke. 
As a vowel, either long e (the French sound in u pere”, the same as 
the English diphthong ay ), or short as in then; or else i (either 
short as in 4 hit’ or long as in 4 machine’). 
THE TOWEL MARES. 
The Eastern Turkistani written language possesses, though it seldom 
uses, the ordinary Oriental vowel marks. The entire system of spelling is 
