250 
R. B Shaw —A Grammar of the Language 
[No. 3, 
Thus, in the above examples the final letter l of the root Teel deter¬ 
mines that the initial letter of the participial affix shall be a soft guttural 
(q or gh) rather than a hard one (Jc or q) ; while the Jc of the same Jcel 
determines which of the two soft gutturals should be chosen, viz., the 
ordinary one g, and not the true (choking) one gh. 
On the other hand, in the example qel-ghan, while the letter l again 
compels the choice of a soft guttural, the other root-consonant q neces¬ 
sitates the adoption of the true (choking) soft guttural gh rather than of the 
ordinary one. 
In bet-Jean again, we have the hard guttural induced by the final t of 
the root, while the other root-consonant Jc being ordinary , determines that 
the hard guttural used in the affix shall be of the same class. 
It will be seen that there is a cross division of the gutturals; 1st, 
into soft ( g and gh), and hard (Jc and q ) ; 2nd, into ordinary {g and Jc), 
and true (choking) {gh and q). 
Thus the rules given above may be re-stated in other words, viz., that 
the former of these cross divisions is the one affected by the final letter of 
the roots, while the latter division is that over which the other letters of 
the root bear rule. 
In the dentals there is only a simple division into soft and hard (d and 
t'), affected only by the final letter of the root. 
Any word ending in a Jc or q softens the final letter into g or gh re¬ 
spectively before an affix beginning with a vowel (and sometimes even before 
consonants). Ex. JcunglaJc “a coat”, cJiauJcan Jcunglag-i “ a young woman’s 
coat” ; sariq “ yellow”, SarigJi-cJiopan (the name of a place). 
It may be added that the letter q seems to have a certain affinity to 
the broad sound of a, and the letter Jc to its short sound (almost like an e 
as in the English word hat). Thus (jbo ( maq) is pronounced almost like 
“ mocJcf while ( mate ) is pronounced as in “ MacAndrew” (almost 
mec). 
On the other hand, the vowel e seems to take its broad sound with the 
Jc, and its short sound with the q : e : g : Jcel-maJc “ to come” (pronounced 
almost “ cail-mec”) ) and qel-maq “to do” (pronounced almost “ Jcill- 
mocJc ”). 
PHONETIC VARIATION OE VOWELS. 
1. Whenever the affix begins with a Vowel and the Root ends with 
one, the latter prevails. 
Ex. : achJcu'm (acJiJcu = key, and 'm possessive affix of 1st Person). 
N. B. —With a final diphthong there is no elision; the chief vowel 
