258 
R. B. Shaw —A Grammar of the Language 
[No. 3, 
CHAPTER III. 
THE SUBSTANTIVE. 
The Plural of Turki words is formed by affixing the syllable lar 
(which does not vary phonetically) ; and whenever this syllable occurs with 
a Substantive, it comes immediately after the root or radical portion of the 
word, which root is in every case inalterable.* 
Ex. : dt-lar = horses (from at = a horse). 
ata-lar = fathers (from ata = a father). 
There are no Articles in Turki Grammar. 
There is no difference of Gender in Turki. 
Besides the above, two other sets of attached syllables or affixes are 
taken by the Substantive :— 
(«). The first set is that of the Possessive Terminations. They 
are affixed to Substantives, &c., governing other substantives or pronouns 
in the genitive case, in the manner that will be seen below. 
Singular. 
Possessive 
Affixes. 
Examples. 
1st person 
’mf 
dt-im = my horse ; put-um = my foot; 
ata-m — my father. See the Rules of 
Phonetic variation (vowels). 
2nd „ 
’ng 
yer-ing = thy place ; aehhu-ng = thy 
key. (Vowel variable.) 
3rd „ 
i or si 
yol-i = his (her or its) road; ata-si — 
his {or her) father. The vowel is not 
variable. The form i is used after a 
consonant and si after a vowel or a 
Plural. 
silent h termination. 
1st person 
'mix 
ui-miz — our house ; at-imiz — our horse. 
(Vowel variable.) 
2nd „ 
’ ngiz or ’ nglar 
piz-ingiz — your daughter ; yort-onglar 
• 
— your country. (Vowel variable.) 
3rd „ 
i or si 
yort-i — their country. (Same as 3rd 
person Singular.) 
* Except by the softening- of a final guttural 1c or q into g or gh before an affix. 
See p. 256, at bottom. 
f Tbe apostrophe marks the place of the variable vowel in the affixes; 'm there¬ 
fore is a general form to express im, um, dm, Sec. 
