1877.] 
of Eastern Turhistan. 
267 
But usually, to give life to these dead forms, we require the pronouns. 
The addition of these at once suffices to convert a Participle* into a definite 
statement of fact, while at the same time they connect it with determinate 
subjects. Thus yela merely means “ doing”. But add the pronoun signify¬ 
ing “ I,” and you get the definite statement qela-man = I (am) doing. . 
The Personal Pronouns are used as affixes applied to such of the so 
called Participles as are Yerbal Adjectives , chiefly for the tenses denoting 
present or future action. But the Possessive Pronominal Affixes (attached 
to the Verbal Substantives) give either a past sense (since a completed 
action is most essentially the property of the person who has done it) ;f 
or else a sense either of Duty or of Intention , e. g., “ It is tliine to do,” i. e., 
“ do thou,” or “ it is my (intention) to do,” i, e., “ I mean to do.” 
To exemplify these formations we will first take two isolated tenses of 
auxiliary verbs, the first of which is used in a present sense, and the other 
in a past. These tenses will also be useful hereafter in the conjugation of 
a complete verb. 
ls£. Dtte (or TUEwr) is probably a part of the verb TVR-may, meaning 
“ to stand ;” the Indefinite Participle is WRghan for tue ur-ghan. There is 
also a form dtje -mish. 
[AT. P .—The form dur having, as it were, lost its independence, and 
become a mere auxiliary, meaning hardly more than “ is” (see N. P. p. 276) ; 
the original verb tur-mak (Pres, tura-man, &c.) is sometimes brought in as 
a fresh auxiliary expressing “ permanence.”] 
2nd. Ied’ (or id’) is the Past of a defective verb TR-male, meaning 
“ to be,” of which the Indefinite Participle is TRlcan or i lean, and the Po¬ 
tential Participle is ies« or isa. It also possesses a form ie -mish or imish. 
The rest are absent, with the exception of a Continuative Participle iswr 
found in old books. 
Peesent Attxiliaey. 
Here the simple Personal Pronoun is affixed for each person (except 
the 3rd) : 
S. 1. T)\m-man%= (lit.) I stand. 
2. Due -son = ,, thou standest. 
3. Due = „ (he) stands. 
* Or any other Adjective &c., (see p. 296). 
f Thus answering to the tenses formed with the auxiliary “to have” in modern 
European languages. 
X The presence of the pronoun as a termination of the verb does not prevent its 
being used before the verb also, as the subject or nominative, e. g., man dur-man — “ I 
stand” or “ I am.” 
