290 
B. B. Shaw —A Grammar of the Language 
[No. 3, 
VERBAL SUBSTANTIVES. 
Under this head will be classed those forms which, although repre¬ 
sented by Gerunds, Infinitives, &c., in European languages, yet in Turki 
are real substantives formed from the verb-root, and are treated as such : 
(a.) QEiAr or QELur ; the Continuative. This is governed by post¬ 
positions just like any other substantive : 
Ex.: tyELur-da= u m doing” or “when about to do” (lit. “ in the 
continuance of doing.”) 
0<$\jr-gha mail qelur-san— thou wilt choose to read, {lit. thou wilt 
make inclination to the reading). 
(A) qel ghan ; the Indefinite. This is governed by post-positions, 
and also by Possessive affixes. When used for the object, (i. e. passively), 
it would be rendered in English by a relative clause : 
Ex.: ~BiLghan-ing = u that which thou knowest,” lit. “ (thing) known 
of thee.” 
When referring to the action , it would be rendered in a variety of 
ways in English, according to the sense: 
Ex. : tysLghan uclmn=“ because of doing” or “of having done.” 
Bol ghan-din-kin= i( after having become” ; lit. “ after the be¬ 
coming.” 
J$oijghdn-sari=“ in the measure of becoming” or “ as fast as 
it becomes.” 
U 'AglidnAmiz beh-raq dur=“ it is better for us to die ;” lit. 
“ our having died, or being dead, is better.” 
In this sense, although a substantive, yet it governs the same case as 
the simple verb, as do all substantives formed from verbs. 
Ex.: yer-ga Kmgan-im = “ for me to enter the earth,” lit. “my 
entry to the earth.” 
(c) . Qelz’sA*; the Definite [its vowel is subject to Phonetic change.] 
This only expresses the action, and never the object. It takes post¬ 
positions and Possessive affixes, and governs the same cases as the parent 
verb: 
Ex. : Oqu'sh-um-din= (lit.) “from my reading”. 
Siz-lar-ni chirla -sh-da~“ in calling you,” lit. “ in the calling (of) 
JVajudi-gha qmAsJi-ing — “thy coming into existence.” 
Siz^ni ish QELdu msh-gha taqat-im yoq — “ I have (there is of me) 
no power to make you work,” lit. “ to the making.” 
(d) . Qel may ; the so-called Infinitive also is a substantive taking 
* This form is perhaps connected with ish “work” or “deed” or “act.” Thus 
qel-ish ( ? for qel-mag-ning ish-i) “ the act of doing,” 
