of Eastern Turkistan. 
293 
1877.] 
is applicable to either subject or object (direct or indirect).— i. e., is used 
either actively or passively. 
Negative : q^Lmdi-durghan. 
(g). (f^Lghu-lug, —with a Future Passive meaning : 
Ex. : Qel ghu-luq ish=& work that has to be done. 
Qi). (f&hghu-dig is active and applies to the agent or subject : 
Ex. : suabi-ni HKSgu-dig ish= a work likely to obtain merit. 
( i ) Qei dgh-lig, conveying the sense of a condition or state [see 
‘ Verbal Expressions] ; 
Ex. : push uk-lilq «sA # = food ready cooked. 
qauliar-birla araish q&high-liq — ornamented with jewels. 
THE NEGATIVE. 
The Negative of Verbs is formed by the syllables 1 ma' 1 mad or ‘ mas.' 
‘ Ma' is used in the Tenses of the Boot, and in the Perfect, In¬ 
definite, Potential and Future Participles, and the Optative ; it precedes 
all the conjugational affixes.f 
Ex. : Qel -ma or (fEL-ma-'ng% = u do not qEL-ma-dim “ I did not.” 
(Perf. Parf.) qel -ma'])% idi , “ he had not done.” 
(Indef. Part.) Q&L-ma-ghan-miz, “ we have not done.” 
(Pot. Part.) qel -ma-sa'm, “ I may not do.” 
(Fut. Part.) qel -ma-ghu-diq, “ not likely to do,” &c. 
(Optative) qel -mail “ let me not do.” 
‘ Mad is used for the Present Participle and its Tenses ; or rather, 
the negative root qelma (see last rule) being formed, it comes under the 
rule (p. 28) by which “ where the root ends in a vowel the Present Parti¬ 
ciple adds an id 
Ex. : QEL-mai-man “I do not”; qEL-mai-durman, “ I am not about doing.” 
‘ Mas' is used for the Continuative Participle in ur or ar. 
Ex. : Q,EJjar-ma7i, “ I am about doing.” 
QELmas-man, “I am not about doing.” 
Also for the Infinitive : qel mas— u not to do.” 
The Defective Auxiliary “ irmak" has a negative “ irmas" or “ imas ” 
which does duty instead of “ dur" when a negative sense is required. [There 
is thus a negative Future-Present Tense of irmak , but no affirmative in 
common use.§] 
* It will be observed that piish-uk is the same form as qcl-igh, the igh being changed 
into uk by double phonetic change, viz. of vowel and of consonant. 
f That is, it comes immediately after the Root, or after the compound formed of 
Root plus the modifying Affixes in the Secondary Forms of a Verb (which see, post). 
j The Affixes beginning with vowels lose their own vowels after that of the nega¬ 
tive syllable, which prevails. (See “Rules of Phonetic Change of Vowels”). 
§ Irur is antiquated. • 
