296 R. B. Shaw— A Grammar of the Language [No. 3, 
In the Negative, the word yog would simply take the place of the 
word ldr throughout. 
The Auxiliary bar is made to supply the place of the verb “ to have” 
which does not exist in Turki, (see Syntax, § 13). It may be used also as 
a verbal adjective or noun : e. g ., alil-im bar iii-da = in the house where 
my wife is (lit. “ my wife-being house in) bdr-i-ni tuttilar = “ they 
took what there w T as of his” [lit. “the existent (things) of him”]. 
The Indefinite verb-tense ifcan is the most usual copula in ordinary 
sentences. 
Ex. Bu at cliung ilean = “ this horse is big.” 
Finally any adjective or substantive or pronoun can he prefixed to 
the Personal Pronouns without any copula* : e. g., ussdk man, “ I (am) 
thirsty ;” JcichiJc san , “ thou (art) small;” iii-cla miz\, we (are) at home 
Tdjik-lar-din siz mu, “ (are) you of the Tajik tribe ?” yog, biz Turk-lar- 
din miz, “no, we (are) of the Turks” (i. e., of Turkish race). The verb 
substantive is simply sous-entendu , or perhaps its necessity is not felt in a 
primitive language, as neither is it in the language of children, e. g., “ me 
good”, “you horse”, “me coachman”. 
CHAPTER VI. 
SECONDARY FORMS OF THE VERB. 
The Secondary Forms are produced by certain Affixes added to the 
Root, conveying some modification of the Primary verb. 
These Affixes may be super-imposed one on the other as required. 
The new Verb thus formed is conjugated just as the Primary Verb, 
taking the compound of Root plus modifying Affix or Affixes, as a new 
Root. 
I.—Causatives. 
The Turki Causative form gives to a Transitive Verb a Causative sense, 
while an Intransitive one becomes Transitive. This will be obvious from 
an example or two : 
(a). The first form of the Causative is that which applies to Verbs 
* A similar practice in Osmanli Turkish (where the abbreviated forms of the pro¬ 
nouns adopted as tense-terminations, are thus used) has misled Grammarians into the 
belief that the said abbreviated terminational pronouns form a tense of the Verb Sub¬ 
stantive. See p. 246 (text and first note). 
f Note that it is the verbal or terminational form of the Personal Pronouns that is 
thus used (miz not biz), as in Osmanli, 
