297 
1877.] of Eastern TurJcistan. 
ending with a vowel, or diphthong (or sometimes to those with the liquids 
r and l) by affixing a t.* 
Ex : Ishla-male = to work. 
Ishla-t-malc = to cause to work. 
Tuga-maJc = to come to an end, i. e. to finish (intrans.). 
Tuga -t-male = to cause to come to an end, i. e. to finish 
(trans.). 
Ibdr-malc = to send : ibdr-t-male = to cause to send. 
(Jj). The second form of Causative is that which affixes urf tur or 
dwr,% or sJiur (in which the Vowel is constant). 
Ex. : 'push-male = to be in a cooked state [neuter, not passive]. 
pusli-ur-mak = to cause to be in a cooked state, i. e., to 
cook. (Trans.) 
leel-male — to come. (Intrans.) 
leel-tur-male — to cause to come, i. <?., to bring. (T rans.) 
bil-male = to know ; bil-dur-male — to cause to know, i. e., to 
inform. 
tap-mag = to receive; tcip-shur-mag = to cause to receive, 
i. e., to entrust to. 
[.ZV. B .—In the cases of tuga-male , push-male , &c., the English lan¬ 
guage treats the Turki Causative (push-ur-male , “ to cook,” &c.,) as the Pri¬ 
mary Verb, and the Turki Primary (push-male , “ to he cooked,”) &c. as the 
passive of the same. For we should consider the idea (“to cook,”) to come 
before the idea “ to be in a cooked state.” But the Turki language takes 
the latter as its primary idea, putting it in the form of a primary (Turki) 
verb ; while it obtains the sense of our simple Active verb by adopting 
the form of the Causative from what is, in our mouths, a Passive (to cause 
to be cooked = to cook). This train of thought may sometimes help to 
account for what may seem to be a non-conformity botween the Turki ver¬ 
bal form and its English expression.] 
(c). The third form affixes leur or leuz , the le and its vowel changing 
sometimes according to the Phonetic Rules. 
Ex. : yet-maq = to reach. 
yet-qur-m&g or yet-guz-maq = to cause to reach. 
gel-mag — to do ; gel-ghuz-mdg = to cause to do. 
leir-mah = to enter ; kir-giz-mak — to cause to enter. 
* Probably a vestige of tlie verb it-mak “ to make.” Thus ishla-t-mak quasi 
ishla-it-mak “to make to work.” 
f Such Verbs as have their Causative in nr always have their Continuative Parti¬ 
ciple in dr not ur to avoid confusion. Ex. ichmaq “ to drink Continuative Parti¬ 
ciple ichar ; Causative form ich-ur-maq. 
% According to the Rules of Phonetic Variation for Consonants (the vowel does 
not change). 
