298 
R. B. Shaw —A Grammar of the Language 
[No. 8, 
II.— The Passive. 
(a). The first form of the Passive is obtained by affixing 7, il or ul 
(according to the Phonetic Rules, which see) to the Root. If the Root 
ends in a vowel, that of the Passive Affix disappears. 
Ex. : ach-mdq “ to open ach-il-maq “ to be opened.” 
tari-mah “ to sow tari-l-mah “ to be sown.” 
oqu-maq “ to read ; oqu-l-maq “ to be read.” 
tut-ma'k “ to seize ;” tut-ul-mah “ to be seized.” 
AT. JB .—It seems probable that the origin of this formation was the 
addition of the Auxiliary hol-maq, “ to become,” to the Perfect Participle 
of another verb. The combination still survives with a passive significa¬ 
tion, as tutup-hol-maq, “ to be seized” [See “ Verbs, Compound Passive.”] 
This might easily be corrupted to tutubul-maq* by the elision of p before 
h and Phonetic change in the Vowel; and thence the step would not be far 
to tutul-maq , # slurring over the h between two vowels. 
(5). In cases where the Root of the Verb ends in l, the Affix of the 
Passive is changed into ’ n, in or un to avoid the clashing of two Is. 
Ex. : hil-maJc = to know ; hil-in-mah = to be known (not hil-il- 
malc ). 
[AT. L .—Sometimes a Passive is formed from an Intransitive Primary 
Verb in the regular form, but its meaning is taken from the Causative. 
E. g., ajra-maJc (intransitive) “ to be in a divided state.” Passive 
ajra-l-mak , “ to be divided.” This is, in point of meaning, the Passive of 
ajra-t-mah , “ to divide” or “ to cause to be in a divided state” (Caus.) ; 
but in form it is the Passive of the intransitive Primary Verb ajra-male 
which of course by rights could have no Passive]. 
III.— The Reflective. 
This is formed precisely as the last [Passive (£)], but can be applied 
not only to Verbs whose root ends in /, but to all whose sense will bear it. 
Its meaning is directly qj? indirectly Reflective ; but this sometimes gives 
rise to special meanings, whose exact connection cannot at first sight be 
traced. 
Ex. : ur-maq — to strike ; ur-un-maq — to strike one’s self against; 
(sp.) fco brush against, 
tolgha-maq = to twist; tolgha- n-maq = to twist one’s self, 
(sp.) to writhe. 
oqu-maq = to read; o>qu-n-maq = to read to one’s self. 
* As least one such, instance is actually known where alip bdr-mdq is contracted 
into apar-mdq. It must first have been shortened to alipdr-mdq and thence (slurring- 
over the l between two vowels) to apar-maq which is now in use. 
