1877.] 
of Eastern Turleistdn. 
299 
chaq-maq = to strike a light; cJidq-in-maq = to strike a light 
of itself ; (sp.) to lighten (used of the Lightning). 
aya-male = to withdraw (trans.) ; aya-n-male = to shrink (with¬ 
draw one’s self). 
[2V B .—-There are some Primary Verbs in the Reflective form, or 
at least of which no Primary form exists ; this having probably become 
superfluous in point of meaning, as for example, with tuga-male , “ to come 
to an end,” and tuga-n-male , “ to finish itself one of these is obviously 
superfluous, and might he dropped. Even when the real Primary form has 
become obsolete, the Secondary Verbs are formed as if from it, and not 
from the Reflective form. 
Ex. : orga- n-male — to learn, (to put into one’s own . 
mind). i as if from orga- 
makes orga-1-male = to cause to learn, or to teach > male (obsolete)= 
(others), (to put into another’s mind). \ (to have in mind), 
and not orga-n-dur-mated] ' 
IV.— The Verb oe Reciprocity or Companionship. 
This form affixes ’sh, ish or ush # (according to the Phonetic Rule) 
to the Verb (root or compound). The sense conveyed is that the action 
is reciprocal between several persons, if the Primary Verb will bear 
this sense; otherwise it means that the action is performed by several 
together. Like some of the other secondary forms, this sometimes assumes 
a special restricted sense, which in English is expressed by a separate word. 
Ex. : us-male “ to butt j” us-ush-male “ to butt at one-another ; 
tut-maq “ to seize tut-ush-mdq “ to seize one-another”, (speci¬ 
ally) “to wrestle 
oqu-mdq “ to read oqu-sh-maq “ to read in company.” 
ur-un-mdq “ to brush against.” ur-un-ush-mdq “ to brush against 
one another.” 
V.—The Verb oe Possibility.! 
To express the power to do or suffer, the Turki language employs no 
separate Verb (as “lean .”) but adds an affix dl to the Verb. 
This affix remains intact, never changing phonetically as others do. 
Ex. : bar-maq, “ to go bar-al-maq, “ to be able to go.” 
ach-maq , “ to open dch-dl-mdq, “ to be able to open.” 
i tut-maq, “ to seize tut-dl-mdq , “ to be able to seize.” 
sat-maq, “ to sell sdt-al-mdq, “to be able to sell.” 
* Perhaps connected with, ish u a companion.” 
f The Osmanli Turkish seems to have no form of Possibility, only that of Impos¬ 
sibility in ama or emc. This is obviously a relic of the Eastern or primitive affix of 
Possibility combined with that of Negation : e . y., (Osm.) yaz-ama-cli for (East. T.) ydz- 
dl-ma-di “ he was not able to write.” 
