1877.] of Eastern TurTdstan. 301 
(in if) obtained from the Root bir. It therefore must mean “ to cause 
to be given.” 
Again, TSTR-dur-ul-malc is the Passive (in uT) of the Causative Form 
(in dur) of the Verb ~&TR-malc. Thus its sense is : “ To be caused to give.” 
[AT. J3 .—With an Intransitive Verb only one of these two forms 
would be possible. For with kel-w«&, “ to come,” eel -tur-un-malc would 
be the Passive of the Causative Form, and would mean “ to be caused to 
come,” i. e., “ to be brought.” But the alternative form ~KEJj-in-tur-mah 
would be the Causative of a Passive Verb T£Eh-in-malc, and such a Verb is 
logically impossible, since kel-w«& “ to come,” can have no Passive (though 
it is true a Passive form of certain Intransitive Verbs is used impersonally 
in a special sense ; see “ Syntax.”)] 
Thus each of these affixes modifies the combination preceding it, while 
fhe resulting meaning is again modified by the next succeeding affix. Each, 
moreover, may recur (in its varying forms) in the same combination. 
Ex. : KIR -giz-il-dur-ul-malc =■ “ to be caused to be made to enter”, i. e. 
“ to be caused to be brought in,” where the Causative Affix appears under 
the forms of giz and dur , and the Passive under those of il and ul. 
It will be understood that such complex forms are rare. Still, while 
generally making use of simple ones, the Turkis reserve to themselves the 
right of employing the longest compounds, and occasionally exercise the 
right. 
[AT. JB .—It will be seen from this that the Turki Verb is capable of 
a vast number of different forms. There are, as we have seen, five Secon¬ 
dary Root forms besides the Compound Passive. The number of Permuta¬ 
tions these are capable of is of course enormous. Many of these would be 
impossible logically ('though not formally), while many would be mere 
repetitions in point of meaning. 
But leaving out the Affix of Possibility (which generally comes last), 
it may be safely stated that with each of the five remaining forms taken 
successively as the first affix, at least five combinations can be made, con¬ 
veying each a distinguishable meaning, which would be recognised by any 
educated native of Turkistan. 
This would give us 5 x 5, viz., 25 compound forms, to each of which 
could be added the Affix of Possibility, making up 50. But each of these 
50 could be used in the negative ; so that there are not less than 100 Com¬ 
pound Roots or Bases. 
Or the number may be estimated in this way. Prof. Max Muller, by 
the application in Western Turkish merely of the Causative, Reflective and 
Reciprocative Affixes, obtains 12 Secondary forms. For the Eastern Turki, 
if we attach to each of these the Affix of Possibility, we raise the number 
of forms to 24, each of which can be put in the Negative, making 48. 
