30G 
[No. 3, 
R. B. Shaw— A Grammar ofthc Language 
sunk into a mere post-position, so that its substantival origin and the 
consequent necessity for the relative particle, Tci , after other substantives 
attached to it, may have been forgotten. 
Thus it is only when governed by Tost-positions, as “ da ”, “ glia ” or 
“din” (expressed or understood), that such forms can be considered as 
Adverbs, although these Post-positions are often suppressed as understood. 
"When themselves governing Nouns or Pronouns, they of course be¬ 
come Compound Post-positions, as in the instances given above in the Note. 
(g). Another group is formed with the Affix lash, implying “ direc¬ 
tion” or “ inclination towards.” 
yoqari-lash — upwards. 
tuban-lash — downwards. 
ura-lash — sloping upwards. 
ara-lash = mixedly, i. e., middle-wards. 
POST-POSITIONS. 
These may be divided into two classes, Simple and Compound. 
The Simple Post-positions are mere affixes attached to the words 
governed by them, and forming what may be called (for the sake of com¬ 
parison with the inflectional languages) various cases, Dative, Locative, &c. 
The Simple Post-positions are : da “at” or “in,” din “ from,” glia, 
qa , ga or ha “ to,” ning “ of,” ni (sign of accusative absent in English), 
birla or bilan “ with,” siz “ without,” uchun “ for,” “ because of,” &c., &c. 
The Compound Post-positions are really Substantives, which are 
themselves affected by the simple Post-positions, e. g., ich -i-da “ inside,” 
[lit.] “ in its interior;” iizA -si-glia “a’top,” (lit.) “ to its top.” These are 
sometimes applied directly to a substantive. But they also frequently 
require other Post-positions to connect them with the words they govern, 
e. g.,— din kin (lit.) “ aptek from ...;”— ning vzA-si-da “ a’top of—.” 
When they are used with the genitive of the noun governed, the sense 
is made definite. 
Ex. : Tdgh-ning V7iA.-si-da = on the top of the mountain. 
Tdgli-ning tuean -i-da — at the foot of the mountain. 
When din is used instead of ning, or when the two Substantives are 
merely placed in apposition without any Post-position between, the sense 
becomes indefinite (especially in the latter case). 
Ex. : Tdgh-^zk-si-da — on the mountain-tops. 
Tagli-din-TWAR-da — below the mountains. 
The following is a list of the more usual forms ; it being remembered 
that all can employ ning in the definite sense before them, while such as here 
have din prefixed, use that post-position for the indefinite (the others being 
merely placed in apposition when the sense is indefinite) :— 
