of Eastern Turlcistdn. 
313 
1877.] 
The sign of the accusative is also omitted if the sense is indefinite: 
Ex. : nan yemak — to eat bread. 
(c). Sometimes the accusative is put first for emphasis (viz., out of 
its proper place). 
Ex. : “ TJL DUSHMAiv-isri ava-clin yoq-qelmadim”~ u That enemy from 
(our) midst I have not destroyed.” 
UL butkhana-nijstg- tam-i-ni awwal siz quparip-hiring dedur , 
that idol-temple-of the wall (acc.) first you having raised give, he says 
viz. “ He says, you first raise the wall of that idol-temple.” 
3. All subordinate clauses, and all sentences which in English would 
be joined by conjunctions, in Turki have their respective verbs put in the 
form of some Verbal Adjective (generally that in 'p), the sense being thus 
kept flowing on until the whole of the long chain of sentences is concluded 
by a personal Verb : 
E. g. Kashgar khalq-i-ni kafir-lar oz din-i-gha icirguz-up , it eshak 
tunguz gosht-i-ni ye'p , haram harish-ni mubah bil-ip , mutlaq kafir bol-up , 
qalip ikan. 
“ The unbelievers having caused the people of Kashghar to enter into 
their own religion, they (the Ivashgharis) having eaten the flesh of dogs, 
pigs and asses, having considered unclean snakes to be lawful (food), hav¬ 
ing become unrestrained infidels, have remained (so) [or, have become and 
remain unrestrained infidels].” 
It will be noticed here that the author has changed his subject or 
nominative after the first clause. This is merely due to careless writing, 
as we sometimes see in English [e. g. “ Having finished my dinner the 
dance began.”] The last verb gal-ip ikan can only by courtesy be called 
a, personal Verb. Often a speaker begins a string of sentences in the above 
form but finding that he has completed the expression of his meaning, he 
leaves his speech grammatically incomplete by omitting to add a final per¬ 
sonal verb. 
4. The Genitive precedes the substantive which governs it: 
Ex. : “ Sultaiv-ning dada-si ” = “The Sultan’s father.” 
5. The adjective does the same usually, except in Persian or Arabic 
combinations. 
If the adjective for any reason comes last, the Post-positions, &c., are 
affixed to it, as being the end of the compound substantive (formed of it 
and its noun) : 
Ex. : kalima-tayiba-ni. 
6. When an adjective is in the Comparative, the object of comparison 
precedes it. 
Ex. : “ Tash-din yaman-raq ” = “ Than a stone worse.” 
7. If the sentence predicates a quality of the subject the adjective 
or words expressing the quality immediately precede the verb: 
