[No. 3, 
314 
R. B. Shaw —A Grammar of the Language 
Ex. : “ Sultan-ning dacla-si Tcafir-liJc-da tash-din liam yaman- raq irdi .” 
Lit. “ the Sultan’s father in infidelity than a stone even worse was.” 
8. Relative clauses in who or which , are not so expressed in Turki, 
They are attached to the substantive to Avhicli they refer (preceding it), 
and form a compound adjective or subordinate sentence with its verb in the 
form of a verbal adjective, generally in gan (if Present or Past) or in durghan 
if Future. 
(a). Ex. : At-ni sat-kan Tcishi = The person icho sells the horse. 
Horse (acc.) selling person. 
Erti keta-durgiian hajji = The pilgrim who is going to start 
To-morrow about-to-go pilgrim. 
to-morrow. 
If the (English) relative pronoun is in the accusative, dative, Ac., still 
the Turki form is similar to the above (the sign of the accusative &c., being 
omitted), and the verbal adjective may have its subject or nominative 
expressed before it (or understood). 
Ex. : (In the Accusative) Biz qel-ghan ish-lar = The deeds zuhich 
we do. 
San korgan Tcishi = the person whom thou 
sawest {or seest). 
(In the Dative) biz easii ltr-giian nima = that to ivhich we strike the 
Lit. we head- striking thing. 
head (bow). 
(In the Genitive) Man at-i-ni urgiian- adam Iceldi — The 
I horse his (acc.) having struck man came 
man whose horse I struck came. 
At-i ulgiian Tcishi yighldi-dur = The person whose horse died, weeps, 
horse his having died person weeps. 
Tush-em-da korgan sher. Lit. “ in-my-dream-seen lion.” 
Viz., “ The lion which I saw in my dream.” 
“ NlCHAND TIL-NING BI7 YUZI-GHA RIAZAT WA MASHAKKAT BILAN 
tapkan farzandAm .” Lit. “ So-many-years-on-this-side*. 
of-with-self-denial-and-pain-obtained son-of-mine. 
viz., “ My son, whom,” &c. 
Or, conversely, the rule may be stated thus: The Substantive in Turki 
to which is attached (i. e. prefixed) a verbal adjective (indefinite) in gan, 
may be either the subject of the action of that verbal adjective, or its object 
(direct or indirect) ; and the said verbal adjective may accordingly be ren¬ 
dered in English, as the context may indicate, either by “ who or which 
(does or did) e. g sat Jean Tcishi = the person who sells.” 
Or else by “ whom or which (so-and-so does or did)”—e. g. Tcorgan 
Tcishi = the person whom (so and so) saw, [which may also be translated 
<« which was seen (by so and so)”]. 
